ἀδικέω

I act unjustly towards

Definition

The verb ἀδικέω fundamentally means to act unjustly, to do wrong, or to harm someone. It encompasses both the idea of violating justice in a general sense (e.g., Acts 25:10) and causing specific, tangible injury or damage to another person or their property (e.g., Luke 10:19). In a legal context, it can mean to treat someone unfairly or to commit a crime, as seen in Paul's defense before Festus (Acts 25:10-11). The word also appears in relational conflicts, describing personal wrongs within the Christian community (1 Corinthians 6:7).

Biblical Usage

ἀδικέω is used 23 times in the New Testament, appearing in Gospels, Acts, and Epistles. It often describes interpersonal harm or injustice, such as the landowner's question to the grumbling worker in Matthew 20:13. In Acts 7:24-27, Stephen uses it twice for Moses intervening when an Egyptian was 'wronging' an Israelite. Paul employs it in legal arguments (Acts 25:10-11) and to address lawsuits among believers (1 Corinthians 6:7). It is also used in promises of protection from harm, as when Jesus tells the disciples nothing will 'injure' them (Luke 10:19).

Etymology

Derived from the alpha-privative ἀ- (meaning 'not' or 'without') and the root related to δίκη (dikē), meaning 'justice' or 'right.' Thus, its core meaning is 'to be without justice' or 'to act unjustly.' It is cognate with the noun ἀδικία (adikia, G93), meaning 'unrighteousness' or 'injustice.'

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it defines the fundamental human condition of acting contrary to God's standard of justice and right relationship. It underscores the biblical theme that sin is not merely a private failing but an act of injustice against God and others. Understanding ἀδικέω enriches reading by highlighting that salvation in Christ addresses not just guilt but the restoration of justice and right dealings within the community of believers, as emphasized in passages like 1 Corinthians 6:7-8.

In the Greco-Roman world, the concept of δίκη (justice) was a central civic and philosophical virtue. To 'act unjustly' (ἀδικέω) was to violate the social and legal order, disrupting harmony. This carried strong moral and legal weight, making it a serious accusation in both Jewish and Roman contexts, as seen in the trial narratives in Acts.

ἁμαρτάνω (hamartanō, G264) — focuses on missing the mark or sinning as a failure. κακῶς ποιέω (kakōs poieō, G2554) — a broader phrase for doing evil or harm. πληγή (plēgē, G4127) — a noun for a blow or wound, the result of harm.

Word Details

Scripture References