αἰσχύνη

shame

Definition

αἰσχύνη primarily denotes a feeling of shame or disgrace, often arising from a loss of honor or from exposure of something dishonorable. In the New Testament, it can refer to the subjective emotion of shame (as in Hebrews 12:2, where Jesus endured the cross, 'despising the shame'), or to objective disgraceful deeds (as in Philippians 3:19, where the enemies of the cross have their 'glory' in their 'shame'). It also appears in the context of social dishonor, such as being demoted to a lower seat at a banquet (Luke 14:9).

Biblical Usage

This word is used six times across various New Testament genres. In the Gospels, it describes social humiliation (Luke 14:9). In Paul's letters, it refers to disgraceful behavior (Philippians 3:19) or hidden, shameful practices (2 Corinthians 4:2). The Epistle to the Hebrews uses it for the public disgrace Christ endured (Hebrews 12:2), while Jude and Revelation associate it with the ultimate disgrace of the wicked (Jude 1:13) or spiritual poverty (Revelation 3:18). Its usage consistently ties to loss of honor or exposure of moral failure.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek verb αἰσχύνω (aischynō), meaning 'to dishonor, disgrace, or put to shame.' The noun form αἰσχύνη carries the core idea of dishonor. It is related to the adjective αἰσχρός (aischros), meaning 'shameful, base, or ugly,' indicating its strong connection to moral and social disgrace in Greek thought.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it highlights the biblical theme of honor and shame, which was a central cultural value. Christ's bearing of shame on the cross (Hebrews 12:2) transforms its meaning, showing that God's values can invert worldly honor. It also underscores the contrast between human glory and the disgrace of sin, calling believers to reject shameful deeds (2 Corinthians 4:2) and find their honor in Christ alone.

In the Greco-Roman world, honor and shame were foundational social values. Public disgrace (αἰσχύνη) was a powerful deterrent, affecting one's social standing and identity. This differs from some modern individualistic perspectives where shame is often a private feeling. Biblical references to shame would have resonated strongly with an audience deeply concerned with public reputation and social honor.

ἐντροπή (entropē, G1791) — more about a sense of modesty or bashfulness, often a positive restraint. αἰσχρότης (aischrotēs, G150) — focuses more on the quality of being shameful or base. ὀνειδισμός (oneidismos, G3680) — emphasizes reproach, insult, or reviling from others.

Word Details

Scripture References