אַלָּה
Definition
The Hebrew noun אַלָּה (ʼallâh) refers to a type of tree, specifically an oak or terebinth tree. It is a variant spelling of the more common word אֵלָה (ʼēlâh, H424), which denotes the same kind of tree. In its single biblical occurrence in Joshua 24:26, it describes the large tree under which Joshua set up a stone as a witness to the covenant renewal at Shechem. These trees were often notable landmarks and associated with sacred sites in the ancient Near East.
Biblical Usage
This word is used only once in the Old Testament, in Joshua 24:26, where it is called 'the oak (אַלָּה) that was by the sanctuary of the LORD' at Shechem. The context is a solemn covenant ceremony, where the tree serves as a witness alongside a large stone. The parallel term אֵלָה (H424) appears more frequently, often in contexts involving landmarks, burial sites (Genesis 35:4), or places of idolatry (Hosea 4:13).
Etymology
אַלָּה is a variant form of אֵלָה (H424), meaning 'oak' or 'terebinth.' Both likely derive from a common Semitic root denoting strength or prominence, reflecting the tree's sturdy, long-lasting nature. Cognates appear in other Semitic languages, such as Arabic and Aramaic, with similar meanings for large, hardy trees.
Semantic Range
While the word itself is a common noun for a tree, its single use in Joshua 24:26 is theologically significant. The oak tree serves as a silent witness to Israel's covenant renewal, a tangible marker of their commitment to serve the LORD alone. Understanding this highlights how physical objects in the biblical narrative can bear witness to spiritual realities and God's enduring faithfulness to His covenant people.
In ancient Israel, large trees like oaks and terebinths were often natural landmarks and gathering places. They could signify ownership, mark graves (as with Deborah's burial under an oak in Genesis 35:8), or be associated with sacred spaces. Their size and longevity made them symbols of stability and permanence, which is why they were sometimes used in covenant ceremonies as enduring witnesses.
אֵלָה (ʼēlâh, H424) — The standard term for oak/terebinth, used more frequently. אַלּוֹן (ʼallôn, H437) — Another term for oak, often used in place names like 'the oak of Moreh' (Genesis 12:6).
Word Details
How this works
Hebrew definitions are from Brown-Driver-Briggs (1906) and Strong's Exhaustive Concordance (1890), both public domain. BDB was groundbreaking for its era but reflects 19th-century assumptions about Semitic etymology. Modern scholarship (HALOT, DCH) has revised many entries. Use these definitions as a starting point for exploration, not as the final word on a term's meaning in context.
Full methodology & sources →