ἀλλογενής

of another nation, a foreigner

Definition

The adjective ἀλλογενής means 'belonging to another nation' or 'foreigner.' It specifically denotes someone who is not part of the ethnic or national group in question, often carrying a sense of being an outsider. In its sole New Testament occurrence in Luke 17:18, it is used by Jesus to describe a Samaritan leper, highlighting his status as a non-Jew. The term contrasts sharply with words for 'native' or 'citizen,' emphasizing ethnic and religious separation.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in Luke 17:18. In the narrative of the ten lepers healed by Jesus, only one returns to give thanks. Jesus asks, 'Was no one found to return and give praise to God except this foreigner (ἀλλογενής)?' Here, it is applied to a Samaritan, a group viewed by Jews as ethnically and religiously separate. The usage underscores the surprising inclusion of a social and religious outsider as an example of faith and gratitude.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek elements ἀλλος (allos, meaning 'other' or 'another') and γένος (genos, meaning 'race,' 'kind,' or 'nation'). Thus, it literally means 'of another race' or 'of another kind.' It is a compound adjective that clearly communicates the concept of foreign origin. The root γένος is common in words relating to family, descent, and nationality.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it highlights a key Lukan theme: the gospel's reach beyond ethnic Israel to all peoples. In Luke 17:18, Jesus pointedly identifies the faithful leper as a 'foreigner,' challenging ethnic exclusivity and foreshadowing the inclusion of Gentiles in God's kingdom. Understanding this term enriches reading by revealing how Jesus redefines the boundaries of God's people, valuing faith and gratitude over ethnic pedigree.

In first-century Jewish culture, the term 'foreigner' (ἀλλογενής) carried strong connotations of religious and ethnic separation. Samaritans, in particular, were viewed as mixed-race heretics by Jews, making social and religious interaction fraught. The inscription on the temple barrier warning 'foreigners' (using a related term) not to enter under penalty of death illustrates the severe divide. Jesus' use of the word to commend a Samaritan's faith would have been startling and provocative to a Jewish audience.

ξένος (xenos, G3581) — a more general term for stranger, foreigner, or host; can also mean 'guest.' βάρβαρος (barbaros, G915) — emphasizes linguistic and cultural foreignness, often with a negative connotation of being uncivilized. πάροικος (paroikos, G3941) — a resident alien or sojourner living temporarily among a people not their own.

Word Details

Scripture References