ἀμοιβή

a change, an exchange

Definition

ἀμοιβή fundamentally means 'a change' or 'an exchange,' often implying a reciprocal transaction. In its singular form, it can denote a simple substitution or alteration. However, in its only New Testament occurrence, the plural form (ἀμοιβαί) is used to refer to 'reciprocal good deeds' or 'fitting requitals,' specifically the acts of care and support that children owe their parents. This usage, found in 1 Timothy 5:4, moves from a general concept of exchange to the specific, moral context of familial duty and repayment of kindness.

Biblical Usage

This word appears only once in the New Testament, in 1 Timothy 5:4. Here, the plural form is used in the context of family ethics. The Apostle Paul instructs that children or grandchildren should 'learn first to show piety at home and to make a return (ἀμοιβάς) to their parents.' The usage is specific to the context of honoring one's parents through practical care and support, framing it as a fitting and reciprocal moral obligation.

Etymology

Derived from the root *mei- (to change, exchange, go). The prefix ἀ- is intensive rather than negative in this formation. The word is related to the verb ἀμείβω (ameibō, G333), meaning 'to exchange' or 'to requite.' Its core idea revolves around the concept of a reciprocal change or a due return for something given.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it grounds the commandment to honor one's parents (Exodus 20:12) in the practical, reciprocal duty of care. It connects familial piety with the concept of just and fitting repayment, framing support for aging parents not as optional charity but as a moral debt of gratitude. Understanding this Greek term enriches the reading of 1 Timothy 5:4 by emphasizing the active, reciprocal nature of honor within the Christian household.

In the Greco-Roman world, the care of elderly parents was a fundamental social and legal obligation for children, seen as a repayment for the gift of life and upbringing. The use of ἀμοιβή in 1 Timothy 5:4 taps directly into this widespread cultural expectation, affirming it within the Christian community. It underscores that the church's support for widows (the broader context) should not relieve children of this primary, culturally recognized duty.

ἀνταπόδοσις (antapodosis, G469) — emphasizes a paying back or recompense, often with a stronger sense of full repayment or retaliation. ἀνταπόδομα (antapodoma, G468) — a thing given in return, a reward or requital.

Word Details

Scripture References