ἀντιμισθία

a reward, recompense

Definition

The Greek word ἀντιμισθία refers to a recompense, reward, or repayment given in return for something. It carries a neutral sense of a due exchange, which can be either positive (a reward) or negative (a penalty or retribution). In Romans 1:27, it describes the negative 'due penalty' or 'recompense' for error, a consequence of sinful actions. In 2 Corinthians 6:13, Paul uses it positively, urging the Corinthians to open their hearts to him as a 'fair exchange' or fitting response to his own open-heartedness toward them.

Biblical Usage

ἀντιμισθία is used only twice in the New Testament, in two distinct contexts that illustrate its dual nature. In Romans 1:27, it is used in a judicial context for the negative consequence (retribution) of unnatural sin. In 2 Corinthians 6:13, it is used in a relational, reciprocal context, referring to a fair and fitting mutual response within the Christian community. Both uses emphasize the principle of reciprocity or just desert.

Etymology

Derived from the preposition ἀντί (anti), meaning 'in return for, instead of,' and μισθός (misthos), meaning 'wages, reward.' Thus, it literally means 'a reward given in return for something,' highlighting a reciprocal exchange. It is a compound noun that inherently contains the idea of a corresponding or equivalent payment.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it underscores the biblical principle of divine justice and moral reciprocity. It connects to the doctrine of recompense, where actions have corresponding consequences, whether in judgment (Romans 1:27) or in gracious relationship (2 Corinthians 6:13). Understanding this term enriches reading by highlighting that God's economy involves just exchanges, and it challenges believers to respond appropriately to God's and others' grace.

In the Greco-Roman world, the concept of a reciprocal exchange (do ut des—'I give so that you might give') was foundational to social, economic, and religious relationships. ἀντιμισθία fits within this cultural framework of obligatory return and balanced reciprocity. Its use in the New Testament both engages and transforms this concept, applying it to divine justice and mutual Christian obligation.

μισθός (misthos, G3408) — A more general term for wages or reward, without the strong emphasis on a reciprocal exchange. μισθαποδοσία (misthapodosia, G3405) — A payment of wages, often used for future, eschatological reward or punishment, with a stronger sense of final settlement.

Word Details

Scripture References