ἄρρωστος

infirm, sick, ill

Definition

The adjective ἄρρωστος describes a state of physical weakness, sickness, or infirmity. It broadly covers being ill, feeble, or in poor health, often implying a lack of strength or wholeness. In the New Testament, it is used for general physical ailments, as when Jesus healed the sick (Matthew 14:14, Mark 6:5, 13). In 1 Corinthians 11:30, Paul uses it to describe the physical weakness and illness that some experienced due to unworthy participation in the Lord's Supper, connecting physical condition to spiritual conduct.

Biblical Usage

This word appears five times, exclusively in narratives about healing and their theological implications. It is used in the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew and Mark) to describe the crowds Jesus healed, emphasizing his compassion and power (Matthew 14:14, Mark 6:5, 13). In Mark 16:18, it appears in the longer ending as a sign accompanying believers. Its most theologically charged use is in 1 Corinthians 11:30, where physical illness is presented as a potential consequence of failing to discern the Lord's body during communion.

Etymology

Derived from the alpha-privative prefix ἀ- (a-, meaning 'not' or 'without') and the root related to ῥώννυμι (rhōnnymi, 'to strengthen'). Thus, its literal meaning is 'not strong,' 'without strength,' or 'unhealthy.' This etymology directly links the word to a fundamental lack of vigor or soundness.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it connects physical infirmity with spiritual realities, particularly in 1 Corinthians 11:30. Here, Paul suggests that physical sickness can be a disciplinary consequence from God for profaning the communion meal, highlighting the serious, tangible connection between the spiritual and physical realms in the covenant community. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by clarifying that the 'weakness' described is specifically a debilitating lack of health, often set in contrast to Christ's healing power and the wholeness he offers.

In the ancient Greco-Roman world, sickness and infirmity (ἄρρωστος) were often viewed through a lens of impurity, divine disfavor, or personal misfortune. Healing was sought from various gods, local healers, or through rituals. Jesus' ministry of healing the ἄρρωστοι directly confronted these cultural perceptions, demonstrating the in-breaking of God's kingdom where wholeness is restored, not as a reward for piety but as a sign of divine compassion and authority.

ἀσθενής (asthenēs, G772) — A broader term for weakness, which can be physical, moral, or spiritual. ἄρρωστος is more specifically focused on physical sickness. νοσέω (noseō, G3558) — A verb meaning 'to be sick' or 'ailing,' focusing on the state of disease.

Word Details

Scripture References