ἀτιμία

disgrace, dishonor

Definition

The noun ἀτιμία primarily means 'dishonor' or 'disgrace,' describing a state of shame or loss of respect. In some contexts, it refers to a 'dishonorable use' or 'degrading purpose,' as seen in Romans 9:21, where a potter makes one vessel for honorable use and another for dishonorable (ἀτιμία) use. It can also denote the condition of being 'held in contempt,' such as the dishonor of the natural body contrasted with the glory of the resurrection body in 1 Corinthians 15:43. In Romans 1:26, it describes the 'degrading' or 'shameful' passions associated with idolatry.

Biblical Usage

ἀτιμία appears seven times in the New Testament, predominantly in Paul's letters. It is used to contrast states of honor and dishonor, often in ethical or eschatological discussions. For example, in 1 Corinthians 11:14, Paul argues that long hair is a 'dishonor' to a man, while in 2 Corinthians 6:8, he lists being regarded with 'dishonor' as a paradox of apostolic ministry. The word also appears in discussions of God's sovereign choice (Romans 9:21) and the resurrection (1 Corinthians 15:43).

Etymology

Derived from the alpha-privative prefix ἀ- (meaning 'not' or 'without') and the root τίμη (timē), which means 'honor' or 'value.' Thus, ἀτιμία literally means 'without honor' or 'lack of honor.' It is the opposite of τιμή (G5092, 'honor'), and its formation clearly conveys a negation of worth or respect.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it highlights the biblical theme of honor and shame, which is central to understanding human sin, God's judgment, and redemption. In Romans 1, ἀτιμία describes the degrading consequences of idolatry, showing how turning from God leads to moral dishonor. In 1 Corinthians 15, it contrasts the believer's present mortal body with the future glorified body, underscoring the transformative hope of the resurrection. Understanding this term enriches reading by revealing how the gospel reverses human dishonor through Christ's honor.

In the ancient Greco-Roman world, honor (τιμή) was a core social value, defining one's status and reputation. Dishonor (ἀτιμία) meant social disgrace, loss of standing, and could involve public shame. This cultural framework makes Paul's use powerful; he redefines honor, showing that followers of Christ may be viewed with ἀτιμία by the world (2 Corinthians 6:8) but are ultimately honored by God. The concept differs from modern individualistic views of shame, as it was deeply tied to communal perception and social order.

ὀνειδισμός (oneidismos, G3680) — focuses more on reproach, insult, or verbal abuse. ἀσχημοσύνη (aschēmosynē, G808) — emphasizes indecency or unseemly behavior, often in a moral sense. ἐντροπή (entropē, G1791) — denotes a sense of shame or embarrassment that leads to turning away.

Word Details

Scripture References