עָזַז
to be stout (literally or figuratively)
Definition
The verb עָזַז (ʻâzaz) fundamentally means 'to be strong, mighty, or stout,' describing both physical strength and metaphorical fortitude. In its literal sense, it refers to physical hardening or strengthening, such as when God 'strengthened' Eglon, king of Moab, against Israel (Judges 3:12). Figuratively, it conveys impudence, boldness, or prevailing power, as seen in the description of the wicked who 'trust in the abundance of his riches' and 'strengthen himself in his wickedness' (Psalm 52:7). It can also describe the majestic strength of God, as in Psalm 68:28, where God is called to 'strengthen' what He has done for His people.
Biblical Usage
עָזַז is used 12 times across poetic, historical, and wisdom literature. In historical books like Judges, it describes the strengthening of enemies (Judges 3:12) or the oppression of Israel (Judges 6:2). In Psalms and Proverbs, it often carries a moral or spiritual tone, depicting the arrogant strength of the wicked (Psalm 52:7, Proverbs 7:13) or the creative power of God (Psalm 89:13, Proverbs 8:28). The usage shifts from neutral descriptions of power to contexts highlighting either human arrogance or divine majesty.
Etymology
עָזַז is a primitive root, meaning its origin is not derived from another Hebrew verb. It is related to the adjective עַז (ʻaz, H5794), meaning 'strong, fierce, or harsh,' and the noun עֹז (ʻoz, H5797), meaning 'strength' or 'might.' These cognates share the core semantic field of strength and power, indicating that עָזַז is the verbal expression of this fundamental concept.
Semantic Range
This word is theologically significant as it contrasts human and divine strength. Human 'strengthening' (עָזַז) is often portrayed as arrogant self-reliance or oppressive power, which God opposes (Psalm 52:7). In contrast, God's own strength (עֹז) is a source of salvation and majesty (Psalm 68:28, Psalm 89:13). Understanding this distinction enriches reading by highlighting the Bible's consistent theme that true strength comes from reliance on God, not oneself.
In ancient Near Eastern culture, strength (עֹז) was a primary virtue for kings and warriors, associated with honor and the ability to protect and provide. The use of עָזַז to describe both positive (divine) and negative (arrogant human) strength reflects a cultural understanding that power must be exercised with justice and righteousness. An 'impudent' or hardened face (Proverbs 7:13) was a severe social breach, indicating shamelessness and a lack of fear.
חָזַק (châzaq, H2388) — often 'to be strong' in the sense of seizing, holding fast, or encouraging; more common and broader in usage. עָמַץ (ʻâmats, H553) — to be strong, bold, or courageous, often with a focus on mental resolve or determination. כֹּחַ (kôach, H3581) — a noun for strength, power, or ability, representing capacity rather than the act of strengthening.
Word Details
How this works
Hebrew definitions are from Brown-Driver-Briggs (1906) and Strong's Exhaustive Concordance (1890), both public domain. BDB was groundbreaking for its era but reflects 19th-century assumptions about Semitic etymology. Modern scholarship (HALOT, DCH) has revised many entries. Use these definitions as a starting point for exploration, not as the final word on a term's meaning in context.
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