βάλλω

I cast, throw, rush, put, place, drop

Definition

Βάλλω is a versatile verb meaning 'to throw, cast, place, or put.' In its strongest sense, it describes forceful actions like casting out demons (Mark 1:34) or throwing something away, as with a worthless branch into the fire (John 15:6). In a weaker, more general sense, it means to put or place, such as putting new wine into wineskins (Matthew 9:17) or placing a lamp under a basket (Matthew 5:15). It can also describe the act of sowing seed, which is 'cast' into the ground (Matthew 13:24).

Biblical Usage

Βάλλω is used 106 times across the New Testament, appearing in all four Gospels, Acts, and the Epistles. It frequently appears in narratives involving physical action—like casting nets (Matthew 4:18) or casting lots (Matthew 27:35). It is also used metaphorically, especially in John's writings, for spiritual actions such as casting cares (1 Peter 5:7) or being cast out from God's presence. Jesus often uses it in teachings about judgment and consequence (e.g., being thrown into hell, Matthew 5:29).

Etymology

The verb βάλλω is a fundamental Greek root meaning 'to throw.' It is the source of many English words via Latin, such as 'ballistic' and 'symbol' (from συμβάλλω, 'to throw together'). In the Greek language, it forms the basis for numerous compound verbs, like ἐκβάλλω (to cast out) and βαλλάντιον (a purse, literally 'something thrown'). Its core meaning of propulsion or placement remained consistent.

Semantic Range

Βάλλω is theologically significant as it is often used in contexts of divine judgment and sovereignty. Jesus uses it to describe the final destiny of the wicked—being 'thrown' into hell (Matthew 5:29, 13:42). Conversely, it describes God's gracious action in 'casting' our sins away (Micah 7:19 in the LXX). In John 8:7, Jesus challenges the accusers to be the first to 'cast' a stone, highlighting mercy over judgment. Understanding its range—from violent expulsion to gentle placement—enriches parables and teachings on God's kingdom actions.

In the 1st-century Mediterranean world, actions described by βάλλω were part of daily life: fishermen casting nets, farmers sowing seed by hand, and people casting votes or lots. The act of 'casting out' demons or unclean persons carried strong social and religious weight, implying a forceful removal to restore purity or order. The imagery of being 'thrown' into Gehenna (a burning rubbish dump) would have been a vivid, terrifying picture of total destruction and exclusion for Jesus' audience.

τίθημι (tithēmi, G5087) — emphasizes deliberate, careful placing or appointing, less forceful. ῥίπτω (rhiptō, G4496) — implies a more violent, hasty, or careless throwing down. ἐκβάλλω (ekballō, G1544) — a compound of βάλλω, specifically meaning to cast or drive out.

Word Details

Scripture References