βωμός

an altar

Definition

βωμός refers to an altar, specifically a raised platform or structure used for offering sacrifices or worship. In the New Testament, it consistently denotes a pagan altar, as seen in Acts 17:23 where Paul references an altar 'to an unknown god' in Athens. This contrasts with the more common New Testament word for altar (θυσιαστήριον), which is used for the Jewish altar of sacrifice in the Jerusalem temple (e.g., Matthew 5:23-24). The term implies a place of pagan religious devotion, often associated with idolatry.

Biblical Usage

βωμός appears only once in the New Testament, in Acts 17:23, where Paul observes it in the context of Athenian idolatry. Its singular usage is highly specific, referring explicitly to a pagan altar dedicated to a deity, in this case, an 'unknown god.' This contrasts with the altar of the true God, for which the New Testament uses θυσιαστήριον. The word's sole occurrence underscores its association with Gentile, polytheistic worship practices as encountered in the Greco-Roman world.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek root βω- (related to raising or lifting), βωμός literally means 'a raised place' or 'platform.' It is a native Greek term, not borrowed from Hebrew, and was commonly used in classical and Koine Greek for any altar, especially in pagan contexts. Its etymology highlights the physical elevation characteristic of ancient altars, which were often built on high places or constructed as raised structures for ritual offerings.

Semantic Range

βωμός is theologically significant as it highlights the contrast between pagan worship and the worship of the one true God. In Acts 17:23, Paul uses the pagan altar as a starting point to proclaim the gospel, turning a symbol of ignorance into an opportunity to reveal the 'unknown God' as the Creator. Understanding this distinction enriches reading by clarifying that the New Testament carefully differentiates pagan religious structures (βωμός) from the altar of God (θυσιαστήριον), emphasizing the exclusivity of Christian worship and the missionary strategy of engaging cultural contexts to point to Christ.

In the Greco-Roman world, βωμός was a common feature in cities, temples, and homes, used for sacrifices to various gods, emperors, or local deities. These altars could be simple stone platforms or elaborate structures. Paul's reference in Acts 17:23 reflects the Athenian practice of erecting altars to ensure no god was overlooked, illustrating the pervasive polytheism and religious syncretism of the era. This cultural backdrop shows how early Christians navigated a society saturated with idolatry.

θυσιαστήριον (thysiastērion, G2379) — The standard New Testament word for the altar of God in Jewish and Christian worship, used for sacrifices in the temple or metaphorically in Hebrews 13:10.

Word Details

Scripture References