χολάω

I am angry with

Definition

The verb χολάω (cholaō) means 'to be angry' or 'to be indignant.' In its single New Testament occurrence, it describes a state of being provoked or offended, specifically in response to a perceived violation of religious law. The word carries a sense of righteous indignation, as seen when Jesus challenges the Jewish leaders' anger over his healing on the Sabbath (John 7:23). While it denotes strong displeasure, the context suggests it is anger rooted in a strict, legalistic interpretation rather than mere personal irritation.

Biblical Usage

This word appears only once in the New Testament, in John 7:23. It is used in a debate context where Jesus addresses the religious leaders' anger because he performed a healing on the Sabbath. The usage highlights a confrontation over the interpretation of Mosaic Law, showing the word applied to formal, religious indignation rather than casual anger.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek noun χολή (cholē), meaning 'bile' or 'gall.' In ancient physiology, bile was associated with anger and irritability, linking the physical humor to an emotional state. Thus, χολάω literally conveys the idea of being 'bilious' or 'full of bile,' metaphorically expressing intense displeasure.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it captures the tension between human legalism and divine compassion. In John 7:23, Jesus contrasts the leaders' anger over a Sabbath violation with the greater principle of mercy and wholeness. Understanding χολάω enriches reading by revealing how religious zeal can become misplaced indignation, challenging believers to examine the motives behind their own righteous anger and prioritize grace over strict adherence to rules.

In the ancient Greco-Roman world, anger was often viewed through the lens of the four humors, with bile linked to a choleric temperament. Culturally, anger could be seen as a justified response to perceived injustice or impiety. In the Jewish context of John 7:23, anger over Sabbath breaking reflected a deep commitment to Torah observance, yet Jesus redefines piety by emphasizing mercy, highlighting a cultural clash between traditional interpretation and Jesus' authoritative teaching.

ὀργίζομαι (orgizomai, G3710) — a more general term for anger, often implying a settled wrath; θυμός (thymos, G2372) — denotes passionate outbursts or fury, sometimes as a temporary flare-up.

Word Details

Scripture References