χρυσόω

I gild, adorn with gold

Definition

The verb χρυσόω means 'to gild' or 'to overlay with gold,' describing the process of covering an object with a layer of gold. In the New Testament, it is used exclusively in a figurative sense to depict extravagant adornment, specifically in the Book of Revelation. In Revelation 17:4 and 18:16, it describes the 'great prostitute' or 'Babylon' being lavishly decorated with gold, precious stones, and pearls, symbolizing immense wealth, luxury, and corrupt splendor.

Biblical Usage

This word appears only twice in the New Testament, both in the Book of Revelation. It is used in the context of prophetic visions to describe the opulent and idolatrous adornment of symbolic figures representing corrupt worldly systems. In Revelation 17:4, the woman (the great prostitute) holds a golden cup and is described as 'gilded with gold.' In Revelation 18:16, the merchants lament the loss of the great city, Babylon, which was 'gilded with gold.' The usage consistently conveys a sense of deceptive, morally bankrupt luxury.

Etymology

Derived from the noun χρυσός (chrysos, G5557), meaning 'gold.' The verb form χρυσόω is a denominative verb, meaning it is formed from a noun to indicate making something like that noun or covering it with that substance. Thus, it literally means 'to make golden' or 'to treat with gold.'

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it is used in Revelation to critique worldly wealth and idolatry. The gilding represents not just physical riches but the seductive, attractive exterior of systems that oppose God. It highlights the theme of spiritual adultery and the ultimate emptiness and judgment of human empires that glorify themselves. Understanding this Greek term enriches the reading by emphasizing the deliberate contrast between the fleeting, gilded splendor of Babylon and the true, enduring glory of God and the New Jerusalem.

In the ancient world, gilding was a well-known technique for displaying extreme wealth and honor, used on statues of gods, temple furnishings, and items for the elite. The imagery would immediately convey not just value, but also reverence, prestige, and often divine association. The biblical usage subverts this, applying it to a corrupt figure to show how worldly glory is often a deceptive veneer over spiritual bankruptcy.

κοσμέω (kosmeō, G2885) — a broader term for 'to adorn' or 'to decorate,' not specific to gold. χρυσός (chrysos, G5557) — the noun 'gold,' the material itself.

Word Details

Scripture References