δή

so, then, indeed, truly

Definition

The adverb δή (dē) functions as a discourse marker to add emphasis, urgency, or logical connection. It can introduce a conclusion or inference, meaning 'so then' or 'therefore,' as seen when Paul urges action in Acts 15:36. It also serves to emphasize a statement as 'indeed' or 'truly,' adding weight to a fact, such as in the parable of the sower where the good soil produces fruit (Matthew 13:23). In some contexts, it expresses immediacy or a demand, translating as 'now' or 'come on,' which is evident in Luke 2:15 when the shepherds decide to go to Bethlehem.

Biblical Usage

δή appears only six times in the New Testament, primarily in narrative and epistolary contexts to structure argument or highlight key points. In Acts, it marks decisive moments or logical next steps (Acts 13:2; 15:36). Paul uses it for rhetorical emphasis in 1 Corinthians 6:20 ('glorify God therefore') and to introduce a significant, albeit reluctant, narrative in 2 Corinthians 12:1 ('I must go on boasting'). Its usage is sparse but purposeful, often signaling a shift or underscoring an important instruction or truth.

Etymology

Derived from ancient Greek, δή is a primary particle with no clear root outside Greek. It functioned in classical literature much as it does in the Koine of the New Testament—as an emphatic adverb to strengthen statements or denote logical sequence. Its meaning remained relatively stable, centered on affirmation and inference.

Semantic Range

While not a heavyweight theological term, δή enriches reading by revealing the texture of biblical persuasion. It shows the biblical authors carefully structuring arguments and emphasizing divine truths. In passages like 1 Corinthians 6:20, it underscores the logical, imperative response to the doctrine of redemption: because you were bought with a price, therefore (δή) glorify God. It helps readers see the connective tissue between theological premise and practical exhortation.

In ancient Greek communication, particles like δή were crucial for oral delivery, guiding listeners' attention and marking rhetorical flow. Its use reflects a cultural preference for clear logical connections and emphatic speech, which the New Testament authors employed to make their messages compelling and memorable to a Greek-speaking audience.

οὖν (oun, G3767) — a more common inferential particle meaning 'therefore,' focusing on logical conclusion rather than urgency. ἀληθῶς (alēthōs, G230) — means 'truly' or 'in truth,' emphasizing veracity rather than logical connection or immediacy.

Word Details

Scripture References