δεῖγμα

an example, type

Definition

The Greek word δεῖγμα (deigma) means 'an example' or 'a specimen,' specifically something that is shown or displayed as a demonstration. In its single New Testament occurrence in Jude 1:7, it refers to the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, which serve as a 'plain example' or 'visible warning' of God's judgment on ungodliness. The term carries the sense of a public, tangible illustration of a principle, often a negative one intended as a warning to others. It is closely related to the concept of a 'type' or 'pattern' that points to a broader reality.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in Jude 1:7. It is employed in a context of judgment and warning, describing the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah as an 'example' of eternal fire for those who live ungodly lives. The usage is didactic and prophetic, using a historical event as a clear, public demonstration of divine punishment to instruct and warn the present audience.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek verb δείκνυμι (deiknymi, G1166), meaning 'to show,' 'to point out,' or 'to make known.' The noun form δεῖγμα literally means 'that which is shown' or 'a specimen.' It shares a root with words like δείγματι (deigmati, 'for an example') and is conceptually linked to the idea of demonstration or exhibition.

Semantic Range

Theologically, δεῖγμα is significant as it underscores the biblical theme of God using historical events as warnings and object lessons for His people. In Jude 1:7, it highlights the reality and severity of God's judgment against sin, presenting Sodom and Gomorrah not merely as ancient history but as a perpetual 'example' of the consequences of rebellion. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by emphasizing that biblical examples are intentional, divine demonstrations meant to instruct, correct, and warn believers about the seriousness of holiness and the certainty of judgment.

In the ancient Greco-Roman world, a 'deigma' could refer to a sample of goods displayed for inspection or a public spectacle demonstrating a principle. Jude's use of the term would resonate with readers familiar with public examples used for moral instruction or legal precedent. The concept of using past judgments as warnings was common in Jewish prophetic and wisdom literature, framing history as a teacher for present conduct.

τύπος (typos, G5179) — a pattern, model, or type, often with a forward-looking or prefiguring sense, whereas δεῖγμα is a displayed example, often of a past event. ὑπόδειγμα (hypodeigma, G5262) — an example for imitation or warning, sometimes used more broadly for a copy or pattern. παράδειγμα (paradeigma, G3850) — an example, pattern, or model, often used in a negative sense for something set forth as a warning.

Word Details

Scripture References