δειλιάω

I shrink, am fearful

Definition

The verb δειλιάω means to be fearful, timid, or cowardly, describing a state of being intimidated or shrinking back from something due to fear. In its single New Testament occurrence in John 14:27, Jesus uses it to command his disciples not to let their hearts be troubled or fearful. The word carries a sense of being overcome by a fear that paralyzes or causes one to retreat, distinct from a general sense of caution. It is the opposite of courage and steadfastness.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in John 14:27. In this context, Jesus is giving his farewell discourse, comforting his disciples about his impending departure. He tells them, 'Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be fearful (μηδὲ δειλιάτω).' The usage is directly imperative, commanding against an inward, heart-level fear in the face of distressing circumstances. It is paired with 'be troubled' (ταρασσέσθω), intensifying the call to emotional and spiritual steadiness.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek noun δειλία (deilia), meaning 'cowardice' or 'timidity.' The root relates to the concept of fear that causes one to cower or flee. It is part of a word family that includes δειλός (deilos), an adjective meaning 'cowardly' or 'timid' (used in Matthew 8:26, Mark 4:40, Revelation 21:8). The verb form δειλιάω specifically denotes the act of being or becoming cowardly.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it captures the kind of fear Jesus directly forbids in his followers. In John 14:27, he contrasts the world's fear with the peace he gives, linking cowardice to a lack of trust in his promises and presence. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by highlighting that the Christian's courage is not innate but is a command rooted in Christ's own gift of peace and the coming of the Holy Spirit (John 14:26-27). It relates to doctrines of discipleship, faith, and the believer's security in Christ.

In ancient Greek culture, courage (ἀνδρεία, andreia) was a cardinal virtue, and cowardice (δειλία) was a significant vice, often associated with shame and dishonor. For Jesus to command against this specific fear would resonate strongly, challenging not just personal anxiety but a deep cultural aversion to cowardly behavior. His command redefines courage not as mere bravery in battle, but as steadfast trust in God amidst spiritual turmoil.

φοβέομαι (phobeomai, G5399) — a broader, more common term for 'to fear' or 'revere,' which can be positive (fear of God) or negative. ταράσσω (tarassō, G5015) — means 'to trouble,' 'stir up,' or 'disturb,' often used for inner turmoil, as it is paired with δειλιάω in John 14:27. δειλός (deilos, G1169) — the adjective form meaning 'cowardly' or 'timid,' describing the character trait rather than the action.

Word Details

Scripture References