δεῖπνον

a dinner, an afternoon or evening meal

Definition

The Greek word δεῖπνον refers primarily to the main meal of the day, typically eaten in the afternoon or evening. In the New Testament, it most often describes a formal dinner or banquet, such as the feast hosted by Herod (Mark 6:21) or the meals where Pharisees sought places of honor (Luke 14:12). It also carries a significant metaphorical sense in Jesus' parables, representing the eschatological feast of God's kingdom, as seen in the parable of the great banquet (Luke 14:16-24). In Revelation 19:9, it is used for the 'marriage supper of the Lamb,' a future heavenly celebration.

Biblical Usage

δεῖπνον is used 16 times in the New Testament, predominantly in the Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke) and once in Revelation. Its usage falls into two main patterns: describing literal, social meals often involving issues of status and hospitality (e.g., Luke 14:12, 20:46), and serving as a key image in Jesus' teaching about the kingdom of God. In Luke's Gospel especially, it is central to parables about inclusion and invitation (Luke 14:16-24). The singular use in Revelation 19:9 elevates it to a profound theological symbol.

Etymology

Derived from the root *dap-*, relating to division or portioning, δεῖπνον originally meant the portion of food. It is a common Greek noun for the chief meal. Cognates are rare in the New Testament, but it is related to the verb δειπνέω (G1172, 'to dine'). Its meaning remained stable as the main, often formal, evening meal.

Semantic Range

δεῖπνον is theologically significant as a powerful metaphor for salvation and eschatological fulfillment. Jesus uses the imagery of a banquet to illustrate the inclusive invitation of God's kingdom (Luke 14), contrasting human social conventions with divine grace. In Revelation 19:9, the 'marriage supper of the Lamb' represents the ultimate communion between Christ and his church. Understanding this word enriches reading by highlighting how ordinary meals become parables of God's generous, kingdom hospitality.

In the Greco-Roman world, the δεῖπνον was more than sustenance; it was a key social event that reinforced hierarchy and relationships. Guests were seated according to status (Luke 14:7-8), and invitations were part of a reciprocal system of social obligation. This contrasts with Jesus' teaching, which subverts these norms by instructing hosts to invite the poor and marginalized (Luke 14:13). The meal could last for hours and involve philosophical or religious discussion.

ἄριστον (ariston, G712) — a morning or midday meal, less formal and significant. δοχή (dochē, G1403) — a reception or banquet, emphasizing the act of welcoming. συμπόσιον (symposion, G4849) — the drinking party that often followed the δεῖπνον.

Word Details

Scripture References