δέρμα

a hide, skin

Definition

δέρμα refers to the skin or hide of an animal. In its sole New Testament occurrence, it specifically denotes the skins of animals used as clothing, as seen in Hebrews 11:37, where the faithful are described as having 'wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins.' This usage directly echoes the Old Testament practice where animal skins served as garments for prophets and nomads, such as Elijah's mantle (2 Kings 1:8). The word emphasizes a raw, untanned, or simply prepared hide, distinguishing it from more processed leather materials.

Biblical Usage

δέρμα is used only once in the New Testament, in Hebrews 11:37. It appears in the context of the 'Hall of Faith,' listing the sufferings endured by Old Testament saints. The word is part of a description of extreme poverty and marginalization, where wearing animal skins signifies a life of hardship, prophetic identity, and rejection by society. This singular usage is thematic, connecting to the portrayal of prophets like Elijah.

Etymology

Derived from the verb δέρω (derō, G1194), meaning 'to flay' or 'to skin.' Thus, δέρμα literally means 'that which is flayed or stripped off.' It is a primary Greek noun for hide or skin, with cognates in other Indo-European languages. Its meaning remained consistent, denoting the outer covering of an animal.

Semantic Range

While a common noun, its use in Hebrews 11:37 carries theological weight. It symbolizes identification with God's persecuted prophets and the voluntary renunciation of worldly comfort for the sake of faith. Understanding this term enriches the reading of Hebrews 11 by highlighting the concrete, physical hardships of the faithful, contrasting earthly suffering with heavenly reward. It connects the New Testament community to the prophetic tradition of the Old Testament.

In the ancient Greco-Roman and Near Eastern world, animal skins were a basic material for clothing, tents, and containers, especially among rural, nomadic, or impoverished people. Wearing untanned skins (as opposed to woven cloth) often marked someone as a wild figure, a hermit, or a prophet (like Elijah). This cultural association with marginality and asceticism is crucial for understanding the imagery in Hebrews 11:37.

διφθέρα (diphthera, G1193) — a prepared hide or tanned leather, often used for writing material (parchment). δέρμα typically implies a raw or simply treated skin.

Word Details

Scripture References