δικαστής

a judge

Definition

A δικαστής is a judge or arbiter, specifically one who renders legal decisions and settles disputes. In the New Testament, it consistently refers to a human figure with judicial authority, as seen when Jesus refuses to act as a family property judge (Luke 12:14). In Stephen's speech in Acts, the term is applied to Moses, who attempts to settle a conflict between two Hebrews (Acts 7:27) and is later recognized by God as a ruler and deliverer (Acts 7:35). The role implies both the power to decide cases and the authority to bring resolution.

Biblical Usage

This noun is used only three times, all within narrative contexts that highlight a refusal or failure of human judicial mediation. In Luke 12:14, Jesus pointedly declines the role. In Acts 7:27-35, Stephen recounts Moses's initial, rejected attempt to judge, which later becomes part of his God-appointed role as liberator. The usage pattern contrasts limited human judgment with God's ultimate authority.

Etymology

Derived from the verb δικάζω (dikazō), meaning 'to judge' or 'to decide,' which itself comes from the root δίκη (dikē), meaning 'justice,' 'custom,' or 'legal penalty.' The -τής suffix indicates an agent, so a δικαστής is literally 'one who does justice' or 'one who decides matters of law.' It is closely related to the more common noun κριτής (kritēs, G2923), also meaning 'judge.'

Semantic Range

The word highlights the tension between human and divine judgment. Jesus's refusal in Luke 12:14 to be an arbitrator over possessions redirects focus to God's kingdom and warns against greed, subtly asserting that God is the ultimate judge. In Acts, Moses's role as a δικαστής is a precursor to his calling as God's instrument of deliverance, showing that true justice and salvation come from God's appointment, not human arbitration. Understanding this term enriches reading by clarifying when biblical figures are acting in a limited, judicial capacity versus a divinely ordained, redemptive one.

In the Greco-Roman world, a δικαστής was a public official or a private individual appointed to settle disputes, often in local courts. The role carried social authority but was distinct from higher political rulers or military leaders. The New Testament usage reflects this common understanding but invests it with theological significance, contrasting it with God's supreme authority.

κριτής (kritēs, G2923) — A more general term for judge, often used for God as the ultimate judge and for human judges in a broader sense; ἄρχων (archōn, G758) — A ruler or magistrate, focusing on governing authority rather than specifically legal arbitration.

Word Details

Scripture References