δίψος

thirst

Definition

δίψος (dipsos) refers to the physical sensation and condition of thirst, a powerful desire or need for drink. In the New Testament, it is used literally to describe extreme physical deprivation, as seen in 2 Corinthians 11:27 where Paul lists 'thirst' among his hardships. While the word itself is used only literally in the NT, the concept of thirst is frequently employed metaphorically elsewhere (using the related verb διψάω, dipsaō) to describe a deep spiritual longing for God and righteousness, such as in Matthew 5:6 and John 4:14.

Biblical Usage

This noun is used only once in the New Testament, in 2 Corinthians 11:27. Here, Paul employs it in a straightforward, literal sense within a long list of physical sufferings and hardships he endured for the sake of the gospel, including 'in hunger and thirst' (ἐν λιμῷ καὶ δίψει). Its singular occurrence highlights its role in emphasizing the tangible, bodily cost of apostolic ministry.

Etymology

Derived from the verb διψάω (dipsaō, G1372), meaning 'to thirst.' It is a primary word in Greek for thirst, with cognates appearing in other Indo-European languages. The meaning remained consistent, denoting the physical need for liquid.

Semantic Range

While the noun δίψος itself denotes physical need, its conceptual field is theologically significant. It provides the concrete basis for the powerful biblical metaphor where spiritual longing for God, salvation, and righteousness is described as 'thirst' (using the verb διψάω). This enriches the reading of passages like Psalm 42:2, Isaiah 55:1, and John 7:37, where physical thirst illustrates the soul's desperate and essential need for the living God, ultimately satisfied only in Christ, the 'living water' (John 4:10-14).

In the arid climate of the ancient Mediterranean, thirst was a immediate and severe threat to life, especially for travelers, soldiers, and laborers. Unlike in the modern developed world where water is readily accessible, thirst in Paul's context represented a genuine crisis of survival. This makes its mention in 2 Corinthians 11:27 a stark indicator of real danger and deprivation, not merely discomfort.

διψάω (dipsaō, G1372) — the verb 'to thirst,' used both literally and for spiritual longing. λιμός (limos, G3042) — 'hunger,' often paired with 'thirst' to denote extreme physical want (as in 2 Corinthians 11:27).

Word Details

Scripture References