עֵדֶר

an arrangement, i.e. muster (of animals)

Definition

The Hebrew noun עֵדֶר (ʻêder) refers to a group of domesticated animals gathered or arranged together, most commonly a flock of sheep or goats, but also herds of other livestock. It describes animals that are assembled, often for movement, protection, or management by a shepherd or herder. In Genesis 29:2-3, 8, it specifically denotes flocks of sheep gathered at a well, while in Genesis 32:16 it refers to a drove of various livestock (goats, sheep, camels, cattle) sent as a gift. The core idea is an organized, moving collection of animals under human oversight.

Biblical Usage

עֵדֶר is used 34 times, predominantly in the narrative books of Genesis, Exodus, and the historical books. It consistently describes groups of domesticated animals being tended, moved, or presented. Key patterns include its use in pastoral scenes (Genesis 29:2-3), in lists of livestock as wealth or gifts (Genesis 32:16), and in the context of shepherding duties (1 Samuel 17:34). It appears in poetic contexts like Judges 5:16, metaphorically referring to the tribes of Israel.

Etymology

Derived from the root עֲדַר (ʻādar, H5737), meaning 'to arrange, to set in order, to muster.' This root conveys the sense of organizing or gathering into a group. The noun עֵדֶר thus carries the inherent meaning of an arranged or mustered group, specifically of animals. Cognates in other Semitic languages also relate to flocks or herds.

Semantic Range

While primarily a pastoral term, עֵדֶר gains theological significance through its use in metaphors for God's people. In Judges 5:16, the tribes who remained are chided for staying 'among the sheepfolds' (הָעֲדָרִים), highlighting a failure to join the mustered army of the Lord. This connects the idea of a gathered flock to communal identity and divine calling. Understanding this term enriches readings of shepherd imagery, portraying God's people as a flock under His care and direction.

In ancient Israel's agrarian society, a flock (עֵדֶר) represented a primary source of wealth, food, and social status. Managing a flock was a common occupation, and its size indicated prosperity. The term implies movement and pasturing, differing from a static 'pen.' The cultural understanding involves collective care, vulnerability to predators, and dependence on a shepherd—concepts deeply familiar to the original audience.

צֹאן (ṣōʼn, H6629) — A broader, more general term for small livestock (sheep and goats), whereas עֵדֶר emphasizes the group as an assembled unit. מִקְנֶה (miqneh, H4735) — A general term for livestock or possessions, often herds of cattle, not specifically a gathered flock. עֵדֶר is more specific to a managed, moving group.

Word Details

Scripture References