ἐγκρατής

self-controlled

Definition

ἐγκρατής (egkratēs) is an adjective meaning 'self-controlled,' 'master of oneself,' or 'possessing self-restraint.' In the New Testament, it specifically denotes the virtue of exercising control over one's desires, impulses, and passions. This concept is central to the Christian ethical life, as seen in Titus 1:8, where it is listed as a necessary quality for church elders. The term implies an inner strength and discipline that governs one's actions in accordance with godly principles, contrasting with being controlled by sinful urges. While its single biblical occurrence is in a leadership context, the related noun ἐγκράτεια (self-control) appears in lists of virtues like the fruit of the Spirit in Galatians 5:23.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in Titus 1:8, within a list of qualifications for an overseer or elder. The context is pastoral and ethical, emphasizing the character required for church leadership. The term is paired with other virtues like being hospitable, upright, holy, and disciplined. Although the adjective itself is rare, the concept is prevalent, as the noun form 'self-control' (ἐγκράτεια) is a key virtue in early Christian teaching, appearing in passages like Acts 24:25, Galatians 5:23, and 2 Peter 1:6.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek prefix ἐν (en, 'in') and κράτος (kratos, 'strength, power, rule'). Literally, it means 'having power within oneself' or 'in control.' The word conveys the idea of inner mastery or dominion over one's own faculties and desires. It is related to the verb κρατέω (krateō, 'to be strong, to rule'), emphasizing active control and restraint.

Semantic Range

Self-control (ἐγκρατής) is a significant theological virtue, reflecting the transformative work of the Holy Spirit in a believer's life. It is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23) and essential for spiritual maturity and effective leadership in the church. This concept counters a life ruled by fleshly passions, highlighting that true freedom in Christ involves mastery over sin. Understanding this Greek term enriches Bible reading by emphasizing that self-control is not merely willpower but a Spirit-empowered discipline integral to Christian character and sanctification.

In the Greco-Roman world, self-control (ἐγκράτεια) was a prized virtue in philosophical ethics, particularly among Stoics, who valued mastery over passions as the path to wisdom and freedom. For early Christians, this cultural concept was adopted but radically redefined. It was no longer just a human achievement for personal tranquility but a divine gift and evidence of the Holy Spirit's work, directed toward godly living and love for others within the community of faith.

σώφρων (sōphrōn, G4998) — denotes being sober-minded, temperate, and sensible, with a focus on sound judgment. νήφω (nēphō, G3525) — means to be sober, alert, and free from intoxication, often used metaphorically for spiritual vigilance. ἐγκράτεια (egkrateia, G1466) — the noun form meaning 'self-control,' focusing on the quality or practice itself.

Word Details

Scripture References