ἐπακολουθέω

I follow close after, endorse

Definition

The verb ἐπακολουθέω means to follow closely after someone, either physically or metaphorically. In its literal sense, it describes accompanying someone, as when the disciples followed Jesus (Mark 16:20). Metaphorically, it means to pursue a course of action, imitate an example, or be devoted to a practice. For instance, it is used for following in Christ's footsteps (1 Peter 2:21) and for being diligent in good works (1 Timothy 5:10). It can also carry the sense of a consequence logically following an action, as seen in 1 Timothy 5:24.

Biblical Usage

This word is used four times in the New Testament across three books. In Mark 16:20, it describes the disciples going out and the Lord 'working with them' as they followed His command. In 1 Timothy 5:10, it refers to a widow having a reputation for 'following' good works. In 1 Timothy 5:24, it describes sins that 'follow after' some people, being evident. In 1 Peter 2:21, it is used in a call to discipleship: Christ suffered, 'leaving you an example, so that you should follow in his steps.' The usage shifts from literal accompaniment to metaphorical imitation and consequential result.

Etymology

Derived from the preposition ἐπί (epi, 'upon' or 'close to') and the verb ἀκολουθέω (akoloutheō, 'to follow'). The compound intensifies the root meaning to 'follow closely upon,' emphasizing proximity, sequence, or diligent pursuit. It shares the root with the common NT word for 'disciple' (μαθητής, mathētēs), which carries the idea of a follower.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant for discipleship and Christian ethics. In 1 Peter 2:21, it defines the core of the Christian life as actively following the pattern of Christ's suffering and obedience. It connects belief with embodied action, as seen in the pursuit of good works (1 Timothy 5:10). Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by highlighting that Christian following is not passive but a deliberate, close, and consequential alignment with Christ's example.

In the Greco-Roman world, the concept of 'following' a teacher or philosophical example was common. For disciples of a rabbi or a philosopher, it meant both physical accompaniment and imitation of their life and teachings. Peter's use in 1 Peter 2:21 would resonate with this cultural understanding, presenting Christ as the ultimate moral exemplar to be imitated closely, a concept familiar in ethical teaching of the time.

ἀκολουθέω (akoloutheō, G190) — The simpler root verb meaning 'to follow,' often of physical movement or discipleship, without the intensified closeness. μιμέομαι (mimeomai, G3401) — Means 'to imitate,' focusing on copying an example rather than the sequential act of following. διώκω (diōkō, G1377) — Means 'to pursue' or 'persecute,' with a stronger sense of earnest striving or hostile chasing.

Word Details

Scripture References