ἐπανόρθωσις

correction, reformation

Definition

ἐπανόρθωσις refers to the act of correcting, restoring, or setting something right again. It implies a thorough reformation or improvement, not merely a minor adjustment. In its sole New Testament occurrence, it describes the purpose of Scripture to bring about moral and spiritual realignment. The word carries the sense of a comprehensive restoration to a proper, upright condition.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in 2 Timothy 3:16. Here, it describes one of the key purposes of Scripture: 'for teaching, for reproof, for correction (ἐπανόρθωσις), and for training in righteousness.' It is paired with 'reproof' (ἐλεγμός), indicating a process where reproof leads to active correction and restoration in the believer's life.

Etymology

Derived from the verb ἐπανορθόω (epanorthoō), meaning 'to set straight again' or 'restore.' It combines the preposition ἐπί (epi, 'upon' or 'again') with ἀνορθόω (anorthoō, 'to make straight' or 'set upright'). The root suggests correcting a deviation and returning something to its intended, upright state.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it defines a core function of Scripture. It teaches that God's Word is not merely informative but actively transformative, designed to correct error and restore believers to right living and doctrine. Understanding this Greek term enriches the reading of 2 Timothy 3:16-17 by emphasizing Scripture's role in complete spiritual realignment and equipping for good works.

In the Greco-Roman world, the concept of correction (ἐπανόρθωσις) was used in educational, philosophical, and medical contexts—referring to the improvement of students, the rectification of arguments, or the setting of broken bones. This background informs its biblical usage, portraying Scripture as a comprehensive tool for moral and spiritual healing and realignment.

διόρθωσις (diorthōsis, G1357) — emphasizes making something straight or correct, often in a more general sense of improvement or reformation. ἐλεγμός (elegmos, G1650) — focuses on the act of reproof or conviction that precedes correction. παιδεία (paideia, G3809) — broader term for training, instruction, or discipline that includes corrective elements.

Word Details

Scripture References