ἐπιφωνέω

I call out, shout

Definition

I call out, shout, or cry out loudly, often in a public or collective setting. In the New Testament, it specifically denotes a vehement outcry, whether from a crowd demanding action (Luke 23:21, where the people shout for Jesus' crucifixion) or an official giving a command that incites a response (Acts 12:22, where the people of Tyre and Sidon acclaim Herod). In Acts 22:24, it describes the Roman tribune ordering Paul to be taken into the barracks, showing it can signify an authoritative shout that prompts immediate action. The word consistently carries a sense of public, emotional, or authoritative vocalization.

Biblical Usage

Used only three times in the New Testament, all in narrative contexts within Luke-Acts. It describes the shouting of a hostile crowd (Luke 23:21), the acclamation of a ruler by a populace (Acts 12:22), and the commanding shout of a Roman military officer (Acts 22:24). The pattern shows its use for significant, emotionally charged public utterances that drive a narrative action forward.

Etymology

Derived from the preposition ἐπί (epi, meaning 'upon' or 'over') combined with the verb φωνέω (phōneō, meaning 'I call' or 'I sound'). Literally, it means to call out over something, implying a loud, projecting, or superior vocalization. It intensifies the basic idea of calling, adding a sense of public prominence or authority.

Semantic Range

This word highlights moments of pivotal public testimony or pressure in the biblical narrative. In Luke 23:21, it captures the collective voice of rejection against Jesus, a crucial element in the Passion story. In Acts, it marks transitions in the treatment of God's messengers—from the fatal pride of Herod (Acts 12:22) to the protective custody of Paul (Acts 22:24). Understanding this specific Greek term enriches reading by emphasizing the weight and consequence of public outcry in these key events.

In the Greco-Roman world, public shouting was a recognized form of popular expression and political pressure, especially in assemblies or before authorities. The shout in Acts 12:22, calling Herod a god, reflects the practice of ruler acclamation common in the eastern Roman Empire. The tribune's shout in Acts 22:24 demonstrates the immediate authority a Roman officer wielded through vocal command, expecting instant obedience from his soldiers.

κράζω (krazō, G2896) — a more general term for crying out, often from distress or need. βοάω (boaō, G994) — to shout or call aloud, sometimes with a prophetic or solemn tone. ἀνακράζω (anakrazō, G349) — to cry out vehemently or scream, often with intense emotion.

Word Details

Scripture References