ἶρις

a rainbow

Definition

The Greek word ἶρις refers to a rainbow, the multicolored arc that appears in the sky after rain. In the New Testament, it is used exclusively in the Book of Revelation to describe a brilliant, encircling visual phenomenon associated with divine glory. In Revelation 4:3, a rainbow surrounds the throne of God, signifying His majesty and covenant faithfulness. In Revelation 10:1, a rainbow is part of the description of a mighty angel, further connecting the symbol to a scene of divine authority and revelation.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only twice in the New Testament, both times in the Book of Revelation. Its usage is highly symbolic and visionary, appearing in descriptions of heavenly scenes. In Revelation 4:3, it is part of the throne-room vision, and in Revelation 10:1, it adorns a powerful angel who brings a prophetic message. There is no mundane, meteorological usage in the biblical text; it is always a feature of a divine or angelic figure.

Etymology

Derived directly from the ancient Greek word ἶρις (iris), which means 'rainbow.' The word is also the name for the Greek goddess of the rainbow, Iris, who served as a messenger between the gods and humanity. This connection to divine communication may subtly inform its symbolic use in Revelation.

Semantic Range

The rainbow is a powerful theological symbol of God's covenant and faithfulness. Its appearance around God's throne in Revelation 4:3 evokes the covenant promise made to Noah in Genesis 9:12-17, now seen as eternally established in heaven. It signifies God's mercy, steadfastness, and the glory of His presence. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by connecting the apocalyptic vision directly to this foundational Old Testament promise, emphasizing God's consistent character throughout Scripture.

In the ancient Greco-Roman world, the rainbow was often associated with the goddess Iris, a divine messenger. For Jewish and Christian readers familiar with the Hebrew Scriptures, however, the primary cultural and religious resonance would be the rainbow as the sign of God's covenant with Noah and all creation (Genesis 9). The biblical usage in Revelation deliberately draws on this Hebraic understanding of the rainbow as a symbol of God's promise and sovereignty, rather than its pagan mythological associations.

τόξον (toxon, G5115) — This is the more common Greek word for 'bow' (as in a weapon) and is the word used in the Greek translation of Genesis 9:13 for God's 'bow' set in the clouds.

Word Details

Scripture References