κιθάρα

a harp

Definition

The Greek word κιθάρα refers to a stringed musical instrument, most accurately translated as a 'lyre' rather than a modern harp. It was a handheld instrument with a soundbox and arms connected by a crossbar, plucked with a plectrum. In the New Testament, it is used in both literal and symbolic contexts. Literally, it describes an instrument used in worship (1 Corinthians 14:7). Symbolically, it appears in Revelation as an instrument played in heavenly worship before God's throne (Revelation 5:8, 14:2, 15:2).

Biblical Usage

The word κιθάρα is used four times in the New Testament, exclusively in two books. In 1 Corinthians 14:7, Paul uses it as a practical example of an instrument needing distinct notes to be useful, illustrating the need for clarity in spiritual gifts. In Revelation, it appears three times (5:8, 14:2, 15:2) in visionary contexts, always associated with heavenly worship. Here, it is played by angels, elders, and the victorious saints, symbolizing praise and victory in God's presence.

Etymology

The word κιθάρα is a native Greek term for a specific type of lyre. It is the source of the English word 'guitar'. In the ancient world, it referred to a professional concert instrument, often contrasted with the simpler 'lyra'. The term passed directly into Latin as 'cithara' and maintains its core meaning as a stringed instrument throughout its usage.

Semantic Range

Theologically, κιθάρα is significant in its symbolic use in Revelation, where it transitions from a mundane musical instrument to a symbol of perfected, heavenly worship. Its association with the prayers of the saints (Revelation 5:8) and the victory songs of the redeemed (Revelation 15:2) enriches the biblical imagery of worship as both intimate communion and triumphant celebration. Understanding this Greek term helps connect the cultural practice of music to its ultimate fulfillment in the praise of God.

In the Greco-Roman world, the κιθάρα was a well-known, sophisticated instrument used by professional musicians in public performances, religious ceremonies, and private gatherings. It was larger and louder than the basic lyre. This cultural understanding informs Paul's analogy in 1 Corinthians 14:7, where he assumes his readers are familiar with its sound. The modern concept of a 'harp' is quite different, being a larger, floor-standing instrument; 'lyre' is a more accurate translation for the ancient κιθάρα.

ψαλμός (psalmos, G5568) — a song sung to musical accompaniment, often with a lyre. ὕμνος (hymnos, G5215) — a hymn or song of praise to a god. μουσικός (mousikos, G3451) — pertaining to music or a musician.

Word Details

Scripture References