κοπιάω

I grow weary, toil

Definition

κοπιάω (kopiaō) primarily means to work hard to the point of weariness, encompassing both physical labor and mental or spiritual exertion. In its most basic sense, it describes strenuous physical toil, as seen when the disciples fish all night (Luke 5:5) or when Paul works with his own hands (Acts 20:35). It also describes the exhausting work of ministry, as when Paul commends those who 'labor in the Lord' (Romans 16:6, 12). In a more figurative sense, Jesus uses it to describe the fruitless striving of those anxious about material needs, telling them not to 'toil' for food and clothing like the Gentiles (Matthew 6:28, Luke 12:27), contrasting this with the rest He offers to the 'weary and burdened' (Matthew 11:28).

Biblical Usage

This verb is used 21 times in the New Testament, appearing in Gospels, Acts, and Epistles. It often describes the hard work of ministry and evangelism. For example, Jesus speaks of others having 'labored' in the field of Samaria before the disciples (John 4:38), and Paul frequently uses it for Christian service (1 Corinthians 15:10, 1 Timothy 4:10). It can also refer to general physical labor (Acts 20:35) or exhausting effort that leads to weariness (John 4:6). The usage consistently implies significant, sustained effort that is taxing.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek noun κόπος (kopos, G2873), which means 'a beating,' 'trouble,' 'labor,' or 'weariness.' The verb κοπιάω thus carries the core idea of engaging in work that results in fatigue or exhaustion. This connection highlights that the labor is not casual but demanding and draining, whether physically, mentally, or spiritually.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it reframes the concept of work and weariness in a Christian context. It validates the real exhaustion experienced in faithful service while also offering a divine perspective. Jesus contrasts futile worldly toil (Matthew 6:28) with the rest found in Him (Matthew 11:28), and Paul presents Christian labor as purposeful and honored by God (1 Corinthians 15:58). Understanding kopiaō enriches reading by showing that faithful work in God's kingdom, though tiring, is never in vain when done for the Lord.

In the Greco-Roman world, physical labor was often viewed as demeaning, the work of slaves or the lower classes. The New Testament's use of κοπιάω, however, dignifies hard work, especially work done for the gospel and community. It elevates the value of manual labor (as with Paul the tentmaker) and spiritual labor alike, presenting them as honorable service rather than mere drudgery. This was a counter-cultural affirmation of the dignity of all faithful toil.

ἐργάζομαι (ergazomai, G2038) — a more general term for 'work' or 'do,' without the inherent connotation of weariness. ποιέω (poieō, G4160) — means 'to do' or 'make,' broader and less specific to labor. μοχθέω (mochtheō, G3432) — also means 'to labor,' but with a stronger emphasis on hardship and difficulty, often used alongside κοπιάω (2 Thessalonians 3:8).

Word Details

Scripture References