κυριακός

of the Lord

Definition

The adjective κυριακός (kyriakos) means 'belonging to the Lord' or 'pertaining to the Lord.' In its two New Testament occurrences, it describes things specifically set apart for or originating from the Lord Jesus. In 1 Corinthians 11:20, Paul refers to the 'Lord’s Supper' (κυριακὸν δεῖπνον, kyriakon deipnon), the communal meal instituted by Christ. In Revelation 1:10, John describes being 'in the Spirit on the Lord’s day' (ἐν τῇ κυριακῇ ἡμέρᾳ, en tē kyriakē hēmera), a day uniquely associated with the risen Lord.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only twice in the New Testament, both times as an adjective modifying a noun to denote special ownership by the Lord Jesus. In 1 Corinthians 11:20, it specifies the sacred meal. In Revelation 1:10, it designates a specific day. The pattern shows its use for foundational Christian institutions directly tied to Jesus's authority and remembrance.

Etymology

Derived from the noun κύριος (kyrios, G2962), meaning 'lord,' 'master,' or 'owner.' The suffix -ακός forms an adjective indicating possession or relation. Thus, κυριακός literally means 'of the lord' or 'belonging to the lord.' It is the direct root of the English word 'kirk' (church) via κυριακὸν δῶμα (kyriakon dōma, 'the Lord’s house').

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it explicitly ties central Christian practices—the Eucharist and the day of worship—to the person and lordship of Jesus Christ. It underscores that these are not merely human traditions but are divinely instituted and owned by Him. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by highlighting the unique authority of Christ over the church's life and worship.

In the Greco-Roman world, the adjective form was used for things pertaining to an emperor or deity (e.g., 'imperial'). Early Christians co-opted this term to refer exclusively to Jesus, asserting His supreme authority in contrast to Caesar or pagan gods. 'The Lord’s day' (Revelation 1:10) likely referred to Sunday, the day of Christ's resurrection, distinguishing it from the Jewish Sabbath.

κύριος (kyrios, G2962) — The noun 'Lord,' denoting the person of authority, whereas κυριακός describes what belongs to Him. δεσποτικός (despotikos, G1203) — Pertaining to a master or despot, often with a stronger emphasis on ownership and power, less on relational lordship.

Word Details

Scripture References