λαμπάς

a torch, lamp, lantern

Definition

The Greek word λαμπάς (lampas) primarily refers to a portable light source, most commonly a torch or a lamp. In the New Testament, it is used to describe the oil lamps carried by the ten virgins in the parable of Matthew 25:1-8, emphasizing their need for a sustained flame. In John 18:3, it refers to the 'torches' carried by the detachment of soldiers arresting Jesus in the dark garden. In Revelation 4:5, the word takes on a symbolic meaning, describing the 'seven lamps of fire' burning before God's throne, which are identified as the sevenfold Spirit of God.

Biblical Usage

Λαμπάς is used 9 times in the New Testament, with a clear pattern. Its most prominent usage is in the parable of the ten virgins (Matthew 25:1-8), where it appears 6 times, always referring to the oil lamps they must keep lit. In John 18:3 and Acts 20:8, it describes practical, physical torches used for illumination at night. Its final use in Revelation 4:5 is entirely symbolic and visionary, representing the Spirit of God.

Etymology

Derived from the verb λάμπω (lampō, G2989), meaning 'to shine' or 'to give light.' The noun λαμπάς literally means 'that which shines,' a light-bearer. This root connection highlights its fundamental purpose as an instrument of illumination.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant, especially in Jesus' parable (Matthew 25:1-13). The 'lamps' (lampades) symbolize the outward profession of faith and readiness for Christ's return, which requires the inward 'oil' of the Holy Spirit to remain burning. In Revelation 4:5, the 'seven lamps' directly symbolize the complete and perfect Spirit of God, illuminating His throne and judgment. Understanding it as a torch, not just a small wick lamp, underscores the intensity and public nature of the light believers are called to show.

In the 1st-century world, a λαμπάς was typically a torch—a wooden staff wrapped with oil-soaked rags—providing a brighter, more mobile light than a small clay oil lamp for outdoor use at night (e.g., John 18:3). This contrasts with the smaller λύχνος (lychnos, G3088), a household lamp. In the parable, the virgins likely carried such torches in a wedding procession, requiring a reserve of oil to keep them lit for an extended, uncertain wait.

λύχνος (lychnos, G3088) — A smaller, stationary household lamp, often placed on a stand (Matthew 5:15). φῶς (phōs, G5457) — The general word for 'light' itself, not the physical lamp or torch.

Word Details

Scripture References