מַרְבַד
a coverlet
Definition
The Hebrew noun מַרְבַד (marbad) refers to a type of decorative textile, specifically a coverlet or spread. In its two biblical occurrences, it describes a luxurious bed covering, likely made of fine, colored, or embroidered fabric. In Proverbs 7:16, it is part of the seductive adornment of an adulteress's bed, while in Proverbs 31:22, it is a product of the virtuous wife's skillful household management, indicating quality and beauty.
Biblical Usage
This word is used only twice in the Old Testament, both times in the book of Proverbs. It consistently describes a high-quality, decorative bed covering. In Proverbs 7:16, it is listed among the lavish materials (like Egyptian linen and perfumed oils) used to entice, highlighting excess and sensual temptation. In Proverbs 31:22, the virtuous wife makes coverlets for her household, showcasing her provision, skill, and the honor she brings to her home through quality craftsmanship.
Etymology
The noun מַרְבַד (marbad) is derived from the root רָבַד (rabad, H7234), which means 'to spread out' or 'to lay over.' This root connection clearly points to the word's function as something that is spread over a surface, such as a bed. The noun form specifically denotes the object used for that spreading—a coverlet or tapestry.
Semantic Range
While a specific household item, מַרְבַד (marbad) contributes to the thematic contrast in Proverbs between wisdom and folly. In Proverbs 7, it symbolizes the deceptive and fleeting allure of sexual immorality and foolish choices. In Proverbs 31, the same object represents the tangible fruits of wisdom, diligence, and godly management in building a secure and honorable household. Understanding this word enriches the reader's grasp of how Proverbs uses concrete, everyday objects to illustrate profound spiritual choices.
In the ancient Near East, finely woven textiles and embroidered coverings were significant indicators of wealth, status, and domestic skill. They were valuable possessions, not merely utilitarian. The 'coverlet' (marbad) was likely a colorful, possibly imported or intricately worked fabric, serving both practical comfort and as a display of a household's prosperity and the wife's managerial ability, as seen in the ideal of Proverbs 31.
שֵׂמֶל (semel, H8071) — a general term for a garment or covering; more often refers to clothing. מִכְבָּר (mikhbar, H4345) — a net or screen; a different type of covering, often for a sieve or lattice, not a textile spread.
Word Details
How this works
Hebrew definitions are from Brown-Driver-Briggs (1906) and Strong's Exhaustive Concordance (1890), both public domain. BDB was groundbreaking for its era but reflects 19th-century assumptions about Semitic etymology. Modern scholarship (HALOT, DCH) has revised many entries. Use these definitions as a starting point for exploration, not as the final word on a term's meaning in context.
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