μαργαρίτης

a pearl

Definition

A μαργαρίτης (margaritēs) is a pearl, a precious gem formed within certain mollusks. In the New Testament, it primarily symbolizes something of immense value and beauty, as seen in Jesus' parables where the kingdom of heaven is compared to a 'pearl of great price' (Matthew 13:45-46). It also represents luxurious adornment, often in a negative context of worldly excess (1 Timothy 2:9; Revelation 17:4; 18:12, 16). Finally, in Revelation 21:21, pearls are used positively to describe the glorious gates of the New Jerusalem, made of a single, massive pearl.

Biblical Usage

The word is used eight times, primarily in Matthew and Revelation. In Matthew, it appears in teachings: first, as something not to be cast before swine (Matthew 7:6), and second, in the parable of the merchant seeking fine pearls (Matthew 13:45-46). In the epistles and Revelation, its usage shifts to describe literal, extravagant jewelry, often associated with wealth, idolatry, or divine splendor (1 Timothy 2:9; Revelation 17:4; 18:12, 16; 21:21).

Etymology

The word μαργαρίτης (margaritēs) is a direct Greek borrowing, likely from an Eastern source (cf. Persian 'marvārīd' or Sanskrit 'mañjarī'). It entered Greek as the standard term for 'pearl' and passed into the New Testament without significant semantic change from its common cultural meaning.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as a key symbol for the kingdom of heaven. In Matthew 13:45-46, the pearl represents the surpassing worth of knowing God and His reign, for which one should joyfully sacrifice everything. Conversely, its use in Revelation highlights the tension between corrupt worldly luxury (Babylon's pearls in Revelation 18:16) and the purified, glorious beauty of God's eternal city (the pearly gates in Revelation 21:21). Understanding this range enriches reading by contrasting true, spiritual value with fleeting earthly treasure.

In the ancient world, pearls were among the most valuable and sought-after luxury items, imported from the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Indian Ocean. They symbolized extreme wealth, status, and beauty. This cultural understanding of supreme value directly informs Jesus' parable, where a merchant sells all he has for one pearl. The modern concept of a pearl is similar, though its relative economic value and cultural symbolism have diminished.

λίθος (lithos, G3037) — a general term for 'stone,' which can include precious gems but is not specific. θησαυρός (thēsauros, G2344) — means 'treasure' or 'storehouse,' a broader concept for something valuable, not specifically a gem.

Word Details

Scripture References