מְשׁוּגָה

mistake

Definition

מְשׁוּגָה refers to a mistake or error, specifically one that arises from straying or going astray. It denotes a deviation from what is correct, often implying a misstep in judgment or action. The word appears only once in the Hebrew Bible, in Job 19:4, where Job defends himself against his friends' accusations by stating that even if he has erred, his error remains his own concern. This singular usage highlights a personal fault or misjudgment, not necessarily a moral sin, but a lapse that leads to misunderstanding or reproach.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only in Job 19:4. In this context, Job employs it in a defensive rhetorical argument against his friends, who blame him for his suffering. He acknowledges the possibility of an error on his part but insists that such a mistake would not justify their harsh condemnation. The usage here is in a poetic, disputational setting, emphasizing personal accountability and the complexity of human judgment in the face of adversity.

Etymology

מְשׁוּגָה derives from an unused Hebrew root meaning 'to stray' or 'to go astray.' It is related to the concept of wandering or deviating from a path, which metaphorically extends to making a mistake. Cognates or similar roots in Hebrew include שָׁגָה (shagah, H7686), meaning 'to go astray' or 'to err,' which shares this semantic field of error due to straying.

Semantic Range

Though used only once, this word enriches the theological theme of human fallibility and divine justice in the book of Job. It underscores that errors or mistakes are part of the human condition, yet they must be understood in the context of God's sovereignty and mercy. In Job 19:4, Job's admission of potential error contrasts with his friends' rigid accusations, highlighting the need for compassion and humility in judging others. Understanding this Hebrew term deepens appreciation for the nuanced dialogue on suffering and righteousness in Job.

In ancient Israelite culture, making a mistake or error could carry social and relational consequences, as seen in Job's interaction with his friends. The term implies a straying from accepted norms or wisdom, which in a community-oriented society might lead to shame or conflict. Unlike modern individualism, such errors were often viewed within the framework of communal accountability and honor.

שְׁגָגָה (shegagah, H7684) — an unintentional sin or error, often used in legal/ritual contexts (e.g., Leviticus 4:2). תָּעָה (ta'ah, H8582) — to wander or go astray, more about physical or moral wandering (e.g., Psalm 119:10).

Word Details

Scripture References