μισέω

I hate, detest

Definition

The Greek verb μισέω primarily means 'to hate' or 'to detest,' expressing strong aversion or hostility. In the New Testament, it can also carry the comparative sense of 'to love less' or 'to esteem less,' as seen in Jesus's teaching that one cannot serve two masters, for he will 'hate' one and love the other (Matthew 6:24). This usage implies a decisive rejection of one thing in favor of another. Furthermore, in contexts like Luke 14:26, where Jesus says his followers must 'hate' their own family, it is understood as a hyperbolic expression of prioritizing allegiance to Christ above all other relationships.

Biblical Usage

Μισέω appears 38 times in the New Testament, predominantly in the Gospels and Revelation. It is used in ethical teachings (e.g., Matthew 5:43-44 on loving enemies), warnings about persecution (e.g., Matthew 10:22, John 15:18-19), and statements about spiritual allegiance (e.g., Luke 16:13). In Revelation, it describes the world's hatred of the faithful (Revelation 17:16). A pattern emerges where hatred is often directed at Jesus's followers by the world, or where disciples are called to reject competing loyalties.

Etymology

Derived from the ancient Greek verb μισέω (miseō), meaning 'to hate.' It is a primary verb with a long history in Greek literature, carrying the core sense of strong dislike or enmity. Cognates are found in other Indo-European languages, and its meaning remained relatively stable, though the New Testament at times employs it in a nuanced, comparative manner.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it frames the radical demands of discipleship and the reality of Christian persecution. Understanding μισέω enriches reading by clarifying that 'hating' family in Luke 14:26 is about supreme loyalty, not emotional malice. It also highlights the world's opposition to God's people, fulfilling Jesus's predictions (John 15:18-25) and underscoring the cost of following Christ.

In the ancient Mediterranean world, 'hatred' often had a strong social and relational component, implying enmity, rejection, or choosing against someone. The hyperbolic use in teachings (e.g., 'hate your father') would have been understood as a stark, rhetorical contrast to emphasize ultimate commitment, not as a command for personal animosity, which differs from some modern literal interpretations.

ἀποστυγέω (apostygeō, G655) — denotes a stronger, more active detestation or abhorrence. ἐχθραίνω (echthrainō, G2189) — focuses on making or being an enemy, emphasizing a state of hostility.

Word Details

Scripture References