μνηστεύω

I ask in marriage

Definition

The verb μνηστεύω means to arrange or contract a marriage, specifically referring to the formal stage of betrothal. In the active voice, it means 'I ask in marriage' or 'I betroth,' while in the passive voice, it means 'I am betrothed' or 'I am pledged to be married.' In the New Testament, it is used exclusively in the passive form, describing individuals in a legally binding betrothal period. For example, in Matthew 1:18, Mary is described as being 'betrothed' to Joseph before they lived together, and in Luke 1:27 and 2:5, the same term is used for her marital status.

Biblical Usage

This word is used three times in the New Testament, all in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, and exclusively in the passive voice. It consistently describes the formal, legal betrothal of Mary to Joseph (Matthew 1:18, Luke 1:27, Luke 2:5). The usage highlights the specific cultural and legal context of their relationship prior to cohabitation, underscoring the gravity of her pregnancy during this period.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek noun μνήστωρ (mnēstōr), meaning 'suitor' or 'wooer.' It is related to the verb μνάομαι (mnaomai), meaning 'to remember' or 'to be mindful of,' suggesting a connection to the idea of a committed, remembered promise. The term specifically entered the language to denote the formal act of engagement or betrothal.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it establishes the nature of Mary and Joseph's relationship at the time of Jesus's conception. Understanding that betrothal was a legally binding covenant, nearly as serious as marriage itself, clarifies the social and moral dilemma Joseph faced (Matthew 1:19). It underscores that Jesus was born within the context of a covenant relationship, fulfilling messianic lineage prophecies, and highlights Mary's faithful obedience despite potential scandal.

In first-century Jewish culture, betrothal (ἐρᾱσίν, 'erusin') was a legally binding contract, often arranged between families. A betrothed couple was considered husband and wife, though they did not yet live together or have sexual relations. Breaking a betrothal required a formal divorce. This is far more serious than a modern engagement, explaining why Joseph considered divorcing Mary quietly (Matthew 1:19) upon discovering her pregnancy.

γαμέω (gameō, G1060) — to marry, specifically the act of taking a wife or the marriage celebration itself, distinct from the betrothal period. ἀνὴρ (anēr, G435) — man/husband; can refer to a betrothed man, as Joseph is called Mary's 'husband' in Matthew 1:19 while they were still betrothed.

Word Details

Scripture References