μόδιος

a dry measure, nearly two English gallons

Definition

Μόδιος (modios) refers to a specific unit of dry measure used in the ancient Greco-Roman world, equivalent to about two English gallons or 8.7 liters. In the New Testament, it is used exclusively in a metaphorical sense, not for literal measurement. It appears in the teachings of Jesus as the object placed over a lamp, representing something that hides or conceals light (Matthew 5:15, Mark 4:21, Luke 11:33). The word itself does not carry multiple senses in scripture; its meaning is consistently the familiar household container.

Biblical Usage

This word is used in three parallel passages in the Synoptic Gospels, all within Jesus' teachings about revelation and witness. In each instance, Jesus uses the 'modius' (translated as 'bowl' or 'bushel' in many versions) as a metaphor for something that would foolishly conceal a lit lamp. The context is about not hiding one's faith or the truth of the gospel. The usage is identical in Matthew 5:15 (within the Sermon on the Mount), Mark 4:21 (in a parable collection), and Luke 11:33 (in teaching about spiritual light).

Etymology

The word μόδιος (modios) is a native Greek term for a dry measure. It was adopted into Latin as 'modius', indicating its common use across the Mediterranean. It is not derived from a simpler root but is the standard term for this specific unit of capacity.

Semantic Range

Theologically, μόδιος is significant because Jesus uses this ordinary household object to teach a profound spiritual principle. The metaphor warns against hiding the 'light' of one's faith, good works, or the revealed truth of the gospel. Understanding that a modius was a common grain measure highlights the absurdity of using an everyday item meant for sustenance to snuff out light. This enriches the reading by emphasizing that discipleship must be visible and active in the ordinary spheres of life, not concealed by mundane concerns or fear.

In the 1st-century cultural context, a modius was a standard container found in most homes, used for measuring out grain or other dry goods. It was a symbol of daily provision and household management. Jesus' audience would immediately picture a specific, familiar object, making the metaphor vivid. The modern equivalent might be a 'bushel basket.' The cultural understanding underscores that the thing which hides the light is not inherently evil but is a good, useful item employed in a foolish way.

μέτρον (metron, G3358) — a more general term for any measure or standard. σατάν (satan, G4566?) — a Hebrew dry measure (about 12 liters), but not used in Greek NT metaphorical contexts.

Word Details

Scripture References