μύρον

anointing-oil, ointment

Definition

μύρον refers to a perfumed oil or ointment, typically made from aromatic substances like myrrh, nard, or other spices. In the New Testament, it consistently denotes a costly, fragrant substance used for anointing, often in contexts of hospitality, personal grooming, or religious ritual. In Luke 7:37-38, 46, it is used by a woman to anoint Jesus' feet as an act of devotion and repentance. In the accounts of Jesus' anointing at Bethany (Matthew 26:7, 12; Mark 14:3), it is an extremely valuable ointment poured on his head, which Jesus interprets as preparation for his burial.

Biblical Usage

μύρον appears exclusively in the Gospels, specifically in Matthew, Mark, and Luke. Its usage is always in narrative contexts involving a significant, often sacrificial, act of anointing. In Luke 7, it is part of a story highlighting forgiveness and love. In Matthew 26 and Mark 14, it is central to an event where Jesus' disciples criticize the waste of a valuable resource, but Jesus defends the act as a beautiful preparation for his death. The word is never used for ordinary, everyday oil.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek word μύρον itself, which originally meant any sweet-smelling liquid, especially perfumed oil. It is related to the term for myrrh (σμύρνα, smyrna, G4666), a common aromatic resin used in such ointments. The term was used in secular Greek for high-quality perfumes and unguents.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it is tied to acts of profound devotion and prophetic symbolism directed toward Jesus. The anointing with μύρον foreshadows his death and burial (Mark 14:8), transforming a common cultural practice into a Christological sign. Understanding its cost and sacred use enriches the reading of these passages, highlighting the value of worship and the recognition of Jesus' messianic identity and sacrificial mission.

In the ancient Mediterranean world, perfumed ointments (μύρον) were luxury items, often imported and very expensive. They were used for personal grooming, in hospitality to honor guests by anointing their heads (Luke 7:46), and in burial customs to mask odor and show respect for the deceased. The act of anointing Jesus' feet (Luke 7) was an extraordinary gesture of humility and honor, going beyond typical head anointing.

ἔλαιον (elaion, G1637) — The general term for olive oil, used for cooking, lamps, and medicinal anointing, not typically perfumed. σμύρνα (smyrna, G4666) — Myrrh, a specific aromatic resin often used as an ingredient in μύρον.

Word Details

Scripture References