νόμος

a law, the Mosaic Law

Definition

The Greek word νόμος (nomos) primarily means 'law' and has several key senses in the New Testament. Its most frequent use refers specifically to the Mosaic Law, the body of commandments given through Moses (e.g., Matthew 5:17, John 1:17). It can also denote the entire Old Testament scriptures, especially the Pentateuch (e.g., John 10:34, 1 Corinthians 14:21). In a broader sense, it can mean any principle or rule, such as the 'law of faith' (Romans 3:27) or even an inward governing power, like the 'law of sin' (Romans 7:23).

Biblical Usage

Νόμος is used 158 times in the New Testament, with its heaviest concentration in Paul's letters (especially Romans and Galatians), where it is central to discussions of grace, faith, and righteousness. In the Gospels, it often appears in debates with Pharisees about the Law's interpretation and fulfillment (e.g., Matthew 22:36-40). The usage shifts from referring to the specific Mosaic code to a more theological concept of principle and obligation.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek verb νέμω (nemō), meaning 'to distribute' or 'to allot.' Originally, νόμος referred to anything 'assigned' or 'customary,' such as a usage, convention, or tradition. Over time, it specialized to mean an established, binding rule or law. This development from 'custom' to 'codified law' mirrors its biblical journey from general principle to the specific Mosaic Law.

Semantic Range

Νόμος is a cornerstone of New Testament theology, especially in understanding the relationship between the Old Covenant and the New. It is central to doctrines of sin (Romans 3:20), justification by faith (Romans 3:28), and the fulfillment of the Law in Christ (Matthew 5:17). Paul's nuanced treatment—contrasting the 'law of works' with the 'law of faith'—deepens our understanding of grace. Grasping its range from specific commandments to governing principle enriches reading of key passages on Christian freedom and obligation.

For first-century Jews, 'the Law' (Torah) was not merely a legal code but the complete divine instruction revealing God's character and will for life in covenant. It encompassed narrative, poetry, and prophecy. For Greeks, νόμος could mean conventional human law or natural order. The New Testament writers, primarily Jewish, use the word with this rich, comprehensive Jewish understanding, which often contrasts with a minimalist view of law as only restrictive rules.

ἐντολή (entolē, G1785) — a specific commandment or order, often one part of the νόμος. δικαίωμα (dikaiōma, G1345) — a regulation, requirement, or righteous decree, often synonymous with a stipulation of the law. πρόσταγμα (prostagma, G1292) — an injunction or authoritative command.

Word Details

Scripture References