ὀλίγος

small, brief, few, soon

Definition

The adjective ὀλίγος primarily means 'few' in number, 'small' in size or amount, or 'short' in duration. When referring to quantity, it often describes a limited group, as in the 'few' who find the narrow gate (Matthew 7:14) or the 'few' workers for the harvest (Matthew 9:37). In terms of degree or intensity, it can mean 'little' or 'slight,' such as having 'little' faith (Matthew 6:30). Regarding time, it signifies a 'brief' or 'short' period, as in being faithful for a 'little while' (Matthew 25:21, 23).

Biblical Usage

ὀλίγος is used 42 times across the New Testament, appearing in the Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Revelation. In the Gospels, it frequently contrasts the 'few' with the 'many,' highlighting themes of election and response (e.g., Matthew 20:16, 22:14). It describes limited physical quantities, like the 'few' small fish in Matthew 15:34. In the Epistles, it often refers to a short duration of time or suffering (e.g., 1 Peter 1:6, 5:10). The word's usage is versatile, applying to number, amount, degree, and time.

Etymology

Derived from the ancient Greek root ὀλίγος, meaning 'small' or 'few.' It is a primary adjective with cognates in other Indo-European languages. Its meaning remained relatively stable from classical through Koine Greek, consistently denoting concepts of scarcity, smallness, or brevity.

Semantic Range

ὀλίγος is theologically significant as it underscores key biblical themes of God's grace operating within human limitation. It highlights the paradox of the kingdom: many are called, but few are chosen (Matthew 22:14). It points to the 'little' faith required for God's power (Matthew 17:20) and the 'little while' of earthly suffering compared to eternal glory (1 Peter 1:6, 5:10). Understanding its range of meaning enriches reading by clarifying whether a passage speaks of numerical fewness, slight degree, or brief duration, each carrying distinct theological weight.

In the Greco-Roman world, being part of a 'few' could imply exclusivity, privilege, or insignificance, depending on context. Jesus' use of 'the few' who find life subverts cultural expectations about popularity and majority approval, presenting a counter-cultural path of discipleship. The term's use for 'short' time reflects a common human perspective on suffering and waiting.

μικρός (mikros, G3398) — emphasizes smallness in size or stature, whereas ὀλίγος more often emphasizes fewness in number or scantiness in amount. βραχύς (brachys, G1024) — specifically means 'short' in spatial length or duration, a narrower sense than the temporal use of ὀλίγος.

Word Details

Scripture References