παραγγέλλω

I notify, command, charge

Definition

The verb παραγγέλλω means to command, order, or give a charge, often with a sense of formal or authoritative instruction. In the New Testament, it is used for direct commands from Jesus, such as when He commands His disciples not to tell anyone He is the Messiah (Mark 8:30) or when He orders the healed leper to show himself to the priest (Luke 5:14). It also carries the sense of a solemn charge or urgent instruction, as when the risen Jesus commands the apostles to wait in Jerusalem for the Holy Spirit (Acts 1:4). In some contexts, like 1 Thessalonians 4:11, it shades into meaning 'to instruct' or 'to urge' within the Christian community.

Biblical Usage

παραγγέλλω is used 30 times, primarily in the Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke) and Acts, where it describes authoritative commands from Jesus or the apostles. It often appears in narratives of healing, exorcism (e.g., Luke 8:29), and commissioning. In the Epistles (e.g., 1 Corinthians, 1 Thessalonians), it is used for apostolic instructions to churches, emphasizing the authority behind the teaching. A pattern is its use for specific, actionable directives rather than general teaching.

Etymology

Derived from παρά (para, 'beside, alongside') and a root related to ἀγγέλλω (angellō, 'to announce, report'). Literally, it suggests a message passed alongside from one to another, evolving to mean a transmitted order or command. The prefix παρά can imply authority or official proximity in the giving of the command.

Semantic Range

This word highlights the concept of divine and apostolic authority in the New Testament. Jesus's use of παραγγέλλω underscores His sovereign command over nature, illness, and demons, affirming His divine identity. In the early church, it frames apostolic teaching not as mere advice but as authoritative instruction from Christ's representatives (1 Thessalonians 4:2). Understanding this term enriches reading by revealing the weight and urgency behind biblical commands, distinguishing them from suggestions.

In the Greco-Roman world, παραγγέλλω was used for military orders, official proclamations, and instructions from those in authority. Its biblical usage taps into this cultural understanding of a binding directive from a superior. This differs from a modern, more democratic view of 'advice,' as it carried an expectation of immediate obedience.

ἐντέλλομαι (entellomai, G1781) — Often used for commands in a more formal or legal sense, like in the commandments of the Law. κελεύω (keleuō, G2753) — A general term for ordering, but less formal and authoritative than παραγγέλλω. λέγω (legō, G3004) — A very common verb for 'to say,' which can include commands but lacks the specific authoritative charge of παραγγέλλω.

Word Details

Scripture References