Παῦλος

Paul

Definition

Παῦλος is the Greek name for the apostle Paul, the central missionary figure of the early church. In the New Testament, it refers exclusively to Saul of Tarsus after his conversion and commissioning to preach to the Gentiles (Acts 13:9). The name signifies his identity as the 'Apostle to the Gentiles' (Romans 11:13, Galatians 2:8) and author of thirteen New Testament epistles. It marks his transition from a persecutor of the church to its foremost defender and theologian.

Biblical Usage

The name Παῦλος is used 158 times, predominantly in the Book of Acts (from Acts 13:9 onward) and as the authorial signature in his epistles (e.g., Romans 1:1, 1 Corinthians 1:1, Ephesians 1:1). Its usage consistently highlights his apostolic authority, missionary journeys, and role as a teacher. A key pattern is its pairing with his former name, Saul, at the point of his conversion and call (Acts 13:9), thereafter used exclusively for his ministry to both Jews and Gentiles.

Etymology

Παῦλος is a Greek personal name derived from the Latin 'Paulus,' meaning 'small' or 'humble.' It was a common Roman cognomen (family name). Its adoption by Saul, a Hellenistic Jew and Roman citizen (Acts 22:27-28), reflects his engagement with the Greco-Roman world and may symbolically align with his description of his ministry as being in 'weakness' and humility (2 Corinthians 10:10, 1 Corinthians 15:9).

Semantic Range

The name Παῦλος is theologically significant as it represents the transformative power of grace and the inclusion of the Gentiles into God's covenant people. Understanding this name connects to key doctrines of justification by faith (Romans 3:28), the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12), and the mystery of the Gospel (Ephesians 3:1-6). His writings, authored under this name, form the doctrinal foundation for much of Christian theology.

As a Roman name, Παῦλος immediately identified the bearer as connected to Roman citizenship and culture. For Saul, a Pharisee (Philippians 3:5), taking this name signaled a strategic reorientation for his mission to the Gentile world. It provided a recognizable and respectable identity within the Roman Empire, facilitating his travels and legal appeals (Acts 25:11-12). The name's meaning ('small') may have been seen as ironically fitting for an apostle who preached Christ's strength in weakness (2 Corinthians 12:9-10).

Σαῦλος (Saulos, G4569) — Saul, Paul's Hebrew name used prior to his Gentile ministry (Acts 7:58, Acts 9:1-4). ἀπόστολος (apostolos, G652) — apostle, Paul's primary title and office, describing his sent authority (Romans 1:1).

Word Details

Scripture References