περίσσευμα

abundance

Definition

περίσσευμα refers to an abundance or surplus that exceeds what is necessary. It often describes a tangible overflow, like the leftover fragments of bread after a miraculous feeding (Mark 8:8). In a more figurative sense, it denotes the overflow of what fills the heart, as in the 'abundance' of the heart from which the mouth speaks (Matthew 12:34, Luke 6:45). In 2 Corinthians 8:14, it carries the specific sense of a material surplus or 'plenty' that is meant to supply the need of others, establishing a principle of equality.

Biblical Usage

This noun appears in the Synoptic Gospels and Paul's letters. In the Gospels, it describes physical leftovers from a miracle (Mark 8:8) and the moral/spiritual overflow of the inner person (Matthew 12:34, Luke 6:45). Paul uses it in 2 Corinthians 8:14 in a financial and communal context, speaking of one group's material 'abundance' meeting another's 'lack.' The usage shifts from describing a physical result to illustrating a spiritual principle of generosity.

Etymology

Derived from the verb περισσεύω (perisseuō, G4052), meaning 'to abound' or 'to be in excess.' The noun form περίσσευμα is built on the preposition περί (peri), meaning 'around' or 'beyond,' combined with a verbal root, conveying the idea of that which goes beyond or surrounds a measure—hence, an overflow or surplus.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it connects divine provision with human responsibility. The abundance from God's miracles (Mark 8:8) demonstrates His superabundant care. The heart's abundance (Matthew 12:34) underscores the source of human speech and action. Most importantly, in 2 Corinthians 8:14, it grounds the theology of Christian stewardship and economic sharing within the body of Christ, where material surplus is not for hoarding but for creating equality through generous redistribution.

In the Greco-Roman world, abundance or surplus was often a sign of divine favor or personal fortune. In the Jewish context, leftovers from a communal meal, especially a miraculous one, could signify God's abundant provision and care, recalling themes from the wilderness feedings. Paul's use to advocate for financial equality challenged typical patron-client relationships, promoting a counter-cultural model of mutual aid within the early church.

περισσεία (perisseia, G4050) — more abstract, focusing on the state or condition of abundance. πλοῦτος (ploutos, G4149) — emphasizes wealth or riches, often material. χάρις (charis, G5485) — in some contexts, can mean 'generosity' or 'favor' as an overflow of goodwill.

Word Details

Scripture References