πέτρα

rock

Definition

Πέτρα refers to a large, solid rock, often a bedrock formation or cliff, distinct from smaller stones (λίθος). In the New Testament, it primarily denotes a massive, immovable rock foundation, as in the parable where a wise man builds his house upon the rock (Matthew 7:24-25, Luke 6:48). It can also refer to a rocky place or stony ground where seed cannot take root (Luke 8:6). In Matthew 16:18, Jesus uses πέτρα as a metaphor for the foundational confession of faith, upon which He will build His church. Additionally, it describes the physical rock of a tomb (Matthew 27:60, Mark 15:46) and the split rocks at Jesus' crucifixion (Matthew 27:51).

Biblical Usage

Used 14 times in the New Testament, primarily in the Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke). It appears in teachings of Jesus, often in parables about foundations (Matthew 7:24-25, Luke 6:48) and agriculture (Luke 8:6). A key theological usage is in Matthew 16:18, where Jesus plays on the name Peter (Πέτρος) to declare the church's foundation on the 'rock' of confession. It also describes physical rock formations in narrative contexts, such as tombs (Matthew 27:60) and seismic events (Matthew 27:51).

Etymology

Derived from the Greek root πέτρα, meaning 'rock' or 'bedrock.' It is a primary noun, not derived from another Greek word. Cognates include πέτρος (petros, G4074), meaning 'stone' or 'small rock,' used for the name Peter. The distinction between πέτρα (large rock formation) and πέτρος (detached stone) is significant in passages like Matthew 16:18.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant, especially in Matthew 16:18, where Jesus declares He will build His church on this 'rock'—interpreted by many as the confession of faith in Christ as the Son of God. It symbolizes stability, foundation, and divine revelation, contrasting with shifting sand (human wisdom). Understanding πέτρα enriches reading by highlighting Jesus as the true bedrock (1 Corinthians 10:4 allusion) and the church's unshakable foundation in Him.

In ancient Near Eastern culture, a πέτρα represented security and permanence, often used for building foundations, tombs, and fortifications. Unlike modern concrete, large bedrock was the ultimate stable base for structures. Tombs cut into rock (Matthew 27:60) signified wealth and permanence in burial. The metaphorical use would resonate with listeners familiar with construction on rocky versus sandy terrain.

λίθος (lithos, G3037) — a stone, often smaller or movable, used for building or throwing; πέτρος (petros, G4074) — a stone or small rock, typically a piece of a larger πέτρα, used as a name for Peter.

Word Details

Scripture References