πικρῶς

bitterly

Definition

The adverb πικρῶς (pikrōs) means 'bitterly' in the sense of intense grief, sorrow, or regret. It describes an emotional state of profound anguish, often accompanied by weeping. In the New Testament, it is used exclusively to depict the depth of Peter's remorse after he denied knowing Jesus three times. The word conveys not just sadness, but a sharp, painful regret over a personal failure.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only twice in the New Testament, both in parallel accounts of Peter's denial of Jesus. It describes the quality of his weeping after he realizes his betrayal, following the rooster's crow. The usage is found in Matthew 26:75 ('he went out and wept bitterly') and Luke 22:62 ('he went out and wept bitterly'). Its use is strictly confined to this specific, emotionally charged narrative context of repentance and failure.

Etymology

Derived from the adjective πικρός (pikros, G4089), meaning 'bitter,' 'sharp,' or 'pungent.' The root describes a sharp taste (like bitter herbs) and was extended metaphorically to describe harsh, severe, or painful experiences, emotions, or words. The adverbial form πικρῶς specifically modifies actions or states, meaning 'in a bitter manner.'

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it captures the profound human experience of conviction and godly sorrow that leads to repentance (2 Corinthians 7:10). Peter's 'bitter' weeping is not the end of his story but the painful beginning of his restoration, which Jesus later accomplishes (John 21:15-19). Understanding this intense emotional descriptor enriches the reading of these passages, highlighting the gravity of sin and the depth of remorse that can precede forgiveness and grace.

In the ancient world, bitter tastes (like bitter herbs eaten at Passover) were often associated with affliction, hardship, and mourning. Public weeping was a more common and accepted expression of deep emotion. Peter's 'bitter weeping' would have been understood by first-century readers as a sign of extreme, gut-wrenching grief and personal devastation, not merely quiet sadness.

λυπέω (lypeō, G3076) — a more general verb for causing grief or sorrow. πενθέω (pentheō, G3996) — to mourn or lament, often for the dead or over sin, implying a more prolonged or formal period of grief.

Word Details

Scripture References