ψωμίον

a bit, morsel

Definition

The word ψωμίον (psōmion) refers to a small piece of bread, a morsel, or a bite-sized fragment of food. In its three New Testament occurrences, it consistently denotes a specific piece of bread that has been dipped, as seen in the account of the Last Supper in John 13:26, 13:27, and 13:30. This term is more specific than the general word for bread (ἄρτος, artos), emphasizing a small, broken-off portion suitable for dipping into a shared dish. The word carries no other distinct meanings in the biblical text, being used exclusively in this single, vivid narrative context.

Biblical Usage

ψωμίον is used exclusively in the Gospel of John, specifically in the narrative of Jesus' final meal with his disciples (John 13:26-30). In all three occurrences, it describes the 'morsel' of bread that Jesus dips and gives to Judas Iscariot, directly linking the word to the act of betrayal. The usage pattern is highly specific and dramatic, serving as the pivotal sign that identifies the betrayer within the intimate setting of a shared meal.

Etymology

ψωμίον is a diminutive form derived from the noun ψωμός (psōmos), meaning 'a morsel' or 'a bit.' The diminutive suffix (-ιον) adds a sense of smallness or specificity, making it 'a little morsel.' It is related to the verb ψώχω (psōchō), meaning 'to rub small' or 'to crumble,' pointing to its origin as a small piece broken off from a larger loaf.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant because it transforms a simple piece of bread into the instrument of revelation and judgment. In John 13, the giving of the ψωμίον is the moment Jesus explicitly identifies his betrayer, Judas (John 13:26). This act, occurring during a meal of fellowship, heightens the drama of betrayal by one who shared in table intimacy. Understanding this specific Greek term enriches the reading by highlighting the poignant contrast between an act of sharing (dipping and giving bread) and the ultimate act of treachery it signifies.

In the ancient Mediterranean world, sharing a meal, and particularly dipping bread into a common dish, was a profound sign of friendship, trust, and covenant fellowship. To betray someone after such an intimate gesture was considered a deep violation of social and moral codes. The 'morsel' (ψωμίον) Jesus offered was not just food; it was a token of close companionship, making Judas's acceptance of it and subsequent departure into the night (John 13:30) an act of shocking hypocrisy and rejection.

ἄρτος (artos, G740) — The general word for 'bread' or 'loaf,' from which a ψωμίον is broken. κλάσμα (klasma, G2801) — A 'fragment' or 'piece,' often used for broken pieces left over after a meal (e.g., Matthew 14:20), less specific to the dipped morsel of John 13.

Word Details

Scripture References