ψωμίζω

I feed, dole out

Definition

The verb ψωμίζω means 'to feed' or 'to give out morsels of food.' It specifically conveys the act of distributing food in portions, often to those in need. In Romans 12:20, it describes the practical action of feeding an enemy ('if your enemy is hungry, feed him'), emphasizing a tangible, compassionate response. In 1 Corinthians 13:3, it appears in a hypothetical scenario of giving all one's possessions to feed the poor, yet doing so without love, highlighting that the mere act is spiritually worthless if not motivated by love.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only twice in the New Testament, both times by the Apostle Paul. In both instances, it describes the act of feeding the needy as an example of charitable action. In Romans 12:20, it is part of an ethical command about overcoming evil with good by meeting an enemy's physical need. In 1 Corinthians 13:3, it is used rhetorically to contrast a grand, sacrificial deed (giving all one's goods to feed the poor) with the essential virtue of love, showing that actions without love are empty.

Etymology

ψωμίζω is derived from the noun ψωμίον (psōmion, G5596), meaning 'a morsel' or 'a bit of bread.' The verb form thus literally means 'to give morsels' or 'to dole out bread/food in pieces.' It is related to the more common verb for eating, ἐσθίω (esthiō), but ψωμίζω focuses on the act of distributing food to others, especially in portions.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it connects material charity with spiritual virtue. In Romans 12:20, feeding an enemy is an act of practical love that fulfills the command to overcome evil with good, reflecting God's kindness. In 1 Corinthians 13:3, it underscores the foundational New Testament principle that even the most extreme acts of charity are spiritually void if not animated by ἀγάπη (agapē, love). Thus, it highlights that Christian ethics value both the action and the heart motive behind it.

In the ancient Greco-Roman world, sharing food was a fundamental act of hospitality and charity, especially important in a society without social safety nets. 'Doling out' morsels often referred to feeding slaves, the poor, or dependents. The action in Romans 12:20 would have been counter-cultural, as feeding a personal enemy subverted normal expectations of hostility and revenge, aligning more with Jewish and Christian teachings on mercy.

τρέφω (trephō, G5142) — a more general term for feeding, nourishing, or rearing; often used for raising children or sustaining life. ἐσθίω (esthiō, G2068) — the basic verb 'to eat'; focuses on consumption rather than distribution. διαδίδομι (diadidōmi, G1239) — to distribute or divide among; broader than just food.

Word Details

Scripture References