σημεῖον

a sign, miracle, indication

Definition

A σημεῖον is a sign, mark, or token that points to a deeper reality. In the New Testament, it most often refers to a miraculous event that authenticates a divine message or messenger, as when the Pharisees demand a 'sign from heaven' from Jesus (Matthew 12:38). It can also denote an ordinary indicator, like the signs of the weather (Matthew 16:3), or an eschatological portent, such as the 'sign of the Son of Man' at the end of the age (Matthew 24:30). In John's Gospel, the miracles of Jesus are specifically called 'signs' (e.g., John 2:11) because they reveal his glory and identity.

Biblical Usage

Used 69 times, σημεῖον appears across the Gospels, Acts, and the epistles, with concentrated usage in Matthew and John. In the Synoptic Gospels, it is frequently requested by opponents as proof of Jesus's authority (Matthew 12:38-39) or discussed in eschatological contexts (Matthew 24:3, 24). In John, it describes Jesus's miracles as revelatory acts that inspire faith (John 20:30-31). Paul uses it to describe the paradoxical 'sign' of the cross (1 Corinthians 1:22) and authenticating marks of an apostle (2 Corinthians 12:12).

Etymology

Derived from the Greek verb σημαίνω (sēmainō, G4591), meaning 'to give a sign, to indicate.' It is related to the noun σῆμα (sēma), meaning 'mark' or 'token.' The root concept is that of an object or event that signifies or points to something else, carrying the idea of communication or proof.

Semantic Range

This word is central to understanding biblical revelation and Christology. A 'sign' is never an end in itself but points to God's power, character, and the truth of His message. Jesus's signs in John's Gospel reveal his divine identity and invite belief (John 20:30-31). The demand for a sign often reflects unbelief, as true faith should not require constant miraculous proof (Matthew 12:39). The ultimate 'sign' for Paul is the crucified Christ, a stumbling block to those seeking power (1 Corinthians 1:22-23).

In the ancient Greco-Roman and Jewish worlds, 'signs' (σημεῖα) and 'wonders' (τέρατα) were expected credentials for divine messengers or prophets. Jewish tradition held that prophets like Moses performed signs to authenticate their message. Jesus's contemporaries, influenced by apocalyptic expectations, often looked for dramatic, political signs of God's kingdom. Jesus redefines this expectation, presenting himself and his ministry—particularly his death and resurrection—as the definitive sign.

τέρας (teras, G5059) — a wonder or portent, emphasizing the astonishing nature; nearly always paired with σημεῖον. δύναμις (dynamis, G1411) — a miracle, emphasizing the inherent power behind the act. σημείωσις (sēmeiōsis, G4593) — a marking or indication, a more abstract noun form.

Word Details

Scripture References