σμάραγδος

an emerald

Definition

The Greek word σμάραγδος (smaragdos) refers to a precious green gemstone, specifically an emerald. In the New Testament, it appears only in Revelation 21:19, where it is listed as the fourth foundation stone of the New Jerusalem's wall. This usage aligns with its general ancient meaning as a valuable, translucent green stone. The term does not carry multiple distinct biblical senses, as its single occurrence is straightforward and descriptive.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in the book of Revelation. It is employed in a highly symbolic, visionary context describing the splendor of the heavenly city. In Revelation 21:19, the emerald is one of twelve precious stones adorning the foundations of the New Jerusalem's wall, each representing a tribe of Israel. There are no patterns of usage beyond this singular, apocalyptic description of divine glory and perfection.

Etymology

The word σμάραγδος (smaragdos) is a Greek noun of likely Semitic origin, possibly related to a Sanskrit word for 'green gem'. It passed directly into Greek and later into Latin as 'smaragdus', from which the English 'emerald' is derived. In antiquity, the term could refer broadly to various green precious stones, not always the specific beryl variety we classify as emerald today.

Semantic Range

While the word itself simply names a gemstone, its sole biblical placement in Revelation 21:19 gives it profound theological significance. It contributes to the portrait of the New Jerusalem as a place of unimaginable beauty, stability, and divine craftsmanship, reflecting God's glory and the eternal inheritance of His people. Understanding it as a real, valuable stone enriches the reading by grounding the apocalyptic vision in tangible, created splendor that points to a greater, heavenly reality.

In the ancient Greco-Roman world, emeralds were among the most prized and expensive gemstones, associated with wealth, royalty, and sometimes believed to have protective or healing properties. The specific green color was highly valued. For John's original audience, listing it among the city's foundations would immediately communicate supreme value, permanence, and majestic beauty, exceeding even the most opulent earthly constructions.

λίθος (lithos, G3037) — a general word for 'stone'; ἴασπις (iaspis, G2393) — another precious stone (jasper) listed in Revelation 21; σάπφειρος (sappheiros, G4552) — another precious stone (sapphire/lapis lazuli) listed in Revelation 21.

Word Details

Scripture References