σμυρνίζω

I mingle with myrrh

Definition

The verb σμυρνίζω means 'to mix or mingle with myrrh.' In its sole biblical occurrence, it describes the act of adding myrrh to wine. Myrrh was a valuable, aromatic resin known for its bitter taste and medicinal properties. This specific action was likely intended to produce a drugged or anesthetizing effect when the mixture was offered as a drink.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in Mark 15:23. The context is the crucifixion of Jesus, where the Roman soldiers or bystanders offer him 'wine mixed with myrrh' (οἶνον ἐσμυρνισμένον). This act, while perhaps a gesture of mercy to dull pain, was refused by Jesus, who chose to face the full suffering of the cross consciously.

Etymology

Derived directly from the noun σμύρνα (smyrna, G4666), meaning 'myrrh.' The verb form σμυρνίζω is a denominative verb, meaning it is formed from a noun to indicate an action related to that noun—in this case, 'to treat with myrrh' or 'to mix with myrrh.'

Semantic Range

The single use of this word carries significant theological weight. By refusing the myrrh-mixed wine (Mark 15:23), Jesus consciously embraced the full physical and spiritual agony of the crucifixion. This underscores his complete, voluntary submission to the Father's will and his intent to bear the full penalty for sin with a clear mind, fulfilling his role as the suffering servant (Isaiah 53). Understanding this specific Greek term highlights the intentionality of his sacrifice.

In the ancient Greco-Roman and Jewish world, myrrh was a costly spice used in perfume, incense, burial preparations (John 19:39), and as a mild analgesic. Mixing it with wine was a known practice to create a pain-relieving or stupefying drink. Offering it to condemned criminals was sometimes seen as an act of compassion, though it could also be a customary part of execution proceedings. This context makes Jesus' refusal a deliberate and striking act.

μίγνυμι (mignymi, G3396) — A more general verb meaning 'to mix' or 'mingle' (e.g., Matthew 27:34 for mixing wine with gall), without specifying myrrh.

Word Details

Scripture References