σπιλόω

I defile, spot

Definition

The verb σπιλόω (spiloō) means to stain, defile, or soil, carrying both a literal and a strong moral or spiritual sense. In its two New Testament occurrences, it describes the corrupting influence of sin. In James 3:6, the tongue is described as a fire that 'defiles' (σπιλοῦσα) the entire body, indicating how sinful speech morally stains a person's whole being. In Jude 1:23, believers are urged to save others by 'hating even the garment stained (ἐσπιλωμένον) by the flesh,' using the imagery of a physically soiled garment to represent deep moral corruption from sinful desires.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only twice in the New Testament, both in general epistles addressing practical Christian living and contending for the faith. In James 3:6, it is used metaphorically for the defiling power of an untamed tongue. In Jude 1:23, it appears in a participial form describing a garment, serving as a powerful metaphor for contamination by fleshly sin. Both uses emphasize sin's active, staining quality that corrupts what it touches.

Etymology

Derived from the noun σπίλος (spilos), meaning 'spot' or 'stain.' The verb form means 'to make spotted' or 'to defile.' It is related to the adjective ἄσπιλος (aspilos, G784), meaning 'without spot' or 'blameless,' used positively of Christ and the church (e.g., Ephesians 5:27, 1 Peter 1:19). The root idea is of a visible blemish or mark of impurity.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it vividly portrays sin not merely as an act but as a contaminating force that leaves a moral stain. It underscores the biblical theme of purity versus defilement, highlighting the need for cleansing that only Christ provides. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by clarifying the serious, pervasive nature of sin's corruption, as seen in James's warning about the tongue and Jude's urgent call to rescue others from it while avoiding contamination.

In a culture where ritual purity and clean garments were important symbols of moral and religious standing, the imagery of a stained garment (Jude 1:23) would have been powerfully evocative. A visible spot on one's clothing signaled uncleanness and social/spiritual disqualification, making this metaphor for sin's defilement immediately understandable to the original audience.

μιαίνω (miainō, G3392) — Often used for ritual or moral defilement, sometimes with a stronger sense of pollution (e.g., Titus 1:15). μολύνω (molynō, G3435) — To soil or defile, used for corrupting one's garments (Revelation 3:4) or conscience (1 Corinthians 8:7).

Word Details

Scripture References